Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- American Literature, Biography

Shirley Jackson is said to be one of the most â€Å"brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Her fiction writing is some of the most important to come out of the American literary canon.† (http://shirleyjackson.org/Reviews.html) Jackson wrote many short stories and even some books. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one really knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraft or not, but it ended up helping her write her stories http://www.literarytraveler.com/literary_articles/shirley_jackson_bennington.aspx). A major story that throws people for a loop is â€Å"The Lottery†. This was Jackson’s first short story and many people did not know how to take the story. Your everyday person may be offended by it,but an everyday writer may think it is a work of art. Even though Jackson seemed like a normal person, she enjoyed writing about the dark side of things; hence, â€Å"The Lottery† was written. Shirley Jackson was born December 14, 1919, in San Francisco. She spent all of her childhood in Burlingame, California, and started her writing, as well. Then when she turned seventeen, her and her family moved east, where she enrolled in the University of Rochester. After only a year in the university, she left and decided to pursue writing. Another year passed and she attended Syracuse University. There she published her first story, â€Å"Janice† and also won a poetry contest. After winning the contest, she met Stanley Edgar Hyman. They got acquainted and founded a magazine together called: The Spectre. Later in life they ended up getting married. Together they had four children and moved around so Hyman could have a job with... ..." Study Guides & Essay Editing | GradeSaver. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† An Introduction to Literature. Eds. Sylvan Barnet, William Burto, and William E. Cain. 15th ed. New York: Longman, 2008. 193-199 Kelleher, Katy. "Shirley Jackson in Bennington Vermont, Shirley Jackson Ebooks, Shirley Jackson First Editions, Shirley Jackson Tours LiteraryTraveler.com." Literary Traveler, Literary Tours, Travel Writing, Travel Literature, Ereaders, EBooks, Travel, HemingwayLiteraryTraveler.com. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . "Literary Analysis: The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson - by Amelia Tibbett - Page 2 - Helium." Helium - Where Knowledge Rules. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . "Shirley Jackson - Biography of Shirley Jackson - English 101." Simple Writers Student Papers and Essays. 2006. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. . Shirley Jackson's Bio. 2009. Web. 28 Feb. 2011. .

Julius Caesar Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Life And Death of Gaius Julius Caesar In my opinion, no other man in the history of the world symbolizes military and political strength as much as Julius Caesar does. Caesar was born on July 12, 100 BC in Rome, Italy (Encarta 2000). His father belonged to the prestigious Julian clan (Internet Explorer) His uncle by marriage was Gaius Marius, leader of the Populares which supported agrarian reform and opposed the Optimates (Comptons Encyclopedia). Marius saw to it that Julius Caesar was appointed flamen dialis which is a archaic priesthood with no power. Caesar's marriage in 84 BC to Cornelia, the daughter of Marius's associate was a political Match (Lindsay Salo). When Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Marius's enemy and leader of the Optimates, was made dictator in 82 BC, he issued a list of enemies to be executed. Caesar was not harmed but he was ordered by Sulla to divorce Cornelia. Caesar refused that order and left Rome to join the army (Lindsay Salo) (Comptons Encyclopedia). This wa s the beginning of an astonishing military career. He became second in command of the province Asia (Turkey) (Lindsay Salo). In two years he proved his bravery and superior skills at arms. After these years and Sulla's resignation in 78 BC, Julius decided to return to Rome. There he served as an officer in Crassus's army against Spartacus, Caesar climbed steadily in the government by serving as an official in many provinces (Internet Explorer). After the death of his wife Cornelia, Julius remarried a wealthy wife and allied with Crassus, who was the richest man in Rome at the time (Internet Explorer). Their opponent was Pompeius Magnus (the Great). Caesar wanted to become part of the consulate. The consulate was a governmental position where two consuls, nominated each year, held the power of the state. Caesar was hoping that he and Crassus would become the powerful consuls of the Roman Empire. However, the Senate tried to stop his efforts by pitting Crassus, Pompeius and Caesar aga inst each other. Caesar noticed this and did something believed impossible. Julius created an alliance among himself, Crassus, and Pompeius (Encarta 2000). The alliance made it possible for them all to share power. This three way consulship was called a Triumvirate (Internet Explorer). This agreement dictated the Roman policy for the next decade. They shared all offices between them and their followe... ...y corrupt tax system, extended Roman citizenship, and sponsored colonies of veterans. Also Caesar's reform of the calendar gave Rome a rational means of recording time which was very important (Encarta 2000). However, a number of senatorial families felt that Caesar threatened their position. Thus, on the 6th of March 44 BC, the so called Ides of March, Caesar was murdered by Marcus Brutus, Gaius Cassius, and his two trusted commanders of his old legions Decimus Brutus and Gaius Trebonius (Encarta 2000). Caesar was stabbed twenty-three times. While the blood poured out of his wounded body the great dictator of Rome silently pulled his toga over his head and fell at the foot of a statue of Pompeius (Internet Explorer). In conclusion, Julius Caesar was probably the greatest man of his time and the most successful. It was Caesar who ended the Roman republic and paved the way for the later Roman emperors (Encarta 2000). From his early life to his death no other man accomplished as mu ch as he did. Julius Caesar in my opinion was the greatest soldier and dictator of all time. By Vince Henecker Bibliography 1. Compton's Encyclopedia 2. Encarta 2000 3. Internet Explorer 4. Lindsay Salo

Vital Nature Of Human Being Engineering Essay

Bing in comfort zone is a critical nature of human being. Something less attempt able ever attracts human head. This invention belongs in a zone far more advanced than a fan operated by a manual regulator. This device controls the velocity of the initiation motor used in a fan automatically by feeling the current. Like normal family fan regulators it does non necessitate any attending for commanding the velocity of the fan and therefore it reduces human attempt which is really much clear to us. It uses a TRIAC ( Triode for AC ) based circuitry which minimizes energy ingestion and therefore saves power Vongmanee ( 2004 ) . It gives a broad control of working temperature scope to the user while besides supplying manual control in instance of demand. These characteristics are every bit interesting every bit good as really utile for the mediocre category because of a low purchasing and care cost. This whole invention will be discussed in wining points. Power electronic convertors can be found wherever there is a demand to modify the electrical energy signifier ( i.e. modify its electromotive force, current or frequence ) . Therefore, their power scope from some milli watts ( as in a nomadic phone ) to 100s of megawatts ( e.g in a HVDC transmittal system ) . With â€Å" classical † electronics, electrical currents and electromotive force are used to transport information, whereas with power electronics, they carry power. Therefore the chief metric of power electronics becomes the efficiency Rabisankar ( 2012 ) . Most power electronics systems consist of two major faculties which are power electronics processor that handles power transportation from input to end product and accountant that tells the power processor of what to make by taking the measuring that happens at end product and compared to input.Problem StatementNowadays, many industries utilizing electrical machine in their mill. Electrical machine are used to do the work can be done in clip and to cut down work force in the industry. There is several type of electrical machine we are utilizing today. We have DC motor such as DC series motor and DC shunt motor. We besides have synchronal motor that runs at changeless velocity and we are besides holding initiation motor. A rectifier is an electronic circuit that converts bidirectional electromotive force ( AC electromotive force ) to unidirectional electromotive force ( DC electromotive force ) by utilizing power rectifying tubes or by commanding the firing angle of thyristor/controllable switches. Rectifier normally can be divided into two types that are uncontrolled and phase-controlled. Each type can hold either individual stage or three-phase. A rectifying tube is the simplest electronics switch which it is uncontrolled that the on and off provinces can be determined by the power supply in the circuit itself. AC to DC convertor is largely used in industries and besides in domestic equipment. But many rectifiers in the market merely produce fixed end product so the applications of the rectifiers are limited for certain equipment merely. So, the DC degree of the end product and the power transferred to the burden are fixed when the beginning and burden parametric quantities are established. Holmes ( 1993 ) , Zein ( 1999 ) and Kischan ( 2010 ) . Therefore, to get the better of this job there is a manner to command the end product electromotive force of the rectifier. Basically, the individual stage rectifier is designed utilizing the thyristors or more specifically are called Silicon Control Rectifier ( SCR ) which connected in full-wave rectifier. A thyristor is four beds ( pnpn ) semiconducting material devices that act as switches, rectifiers or electromotive force regulators. Thyristors are electronic switches used in power electronics circuits where control of switch turn-on is required power Vongmanee ( 2004 ) . Therefore, the end product electromotive force can be variable from the scope of nothing electromotive force to full electromotive force by commanding the hold angle of the SCR.Aim and Aims1.3.1 AimThe purpose of the undertaking is to command the velocity of individual stage initiation motor utilizing microcontroller.1.3.2 AimsTo plan the AC electromotive force convertor to changing motor electromotive force To implement the velocity detector for feeling the velocity To compose the plan for commanding the operation of electromotive force convertorScope of the surveyThis undertaking concentrates on a development of a circuit and hardware to acquire dc end product utilizing SCR and PIC16F84A as chief constituent of the undertaking. Besides the Scopess is to plan a microcontroller to command hold angle I ± and it produced variable end products ( velocity ) . To develop the whole undertaking, it consists of three methods which are the construct of shift, the electrical construction, and the package scheduling. After planing and edifice wholly the rectifier circuit, the driver circuit should be able to command the hold angle I ± , that can be adjusted by utilizing microcontroller. It will affect the scheduling development to command the ON province of the power switch and adjust the stage angle. Here, the trigger angle of SCRs will be programmed in certain clip sequence to guarantee the input electromotive force goes from low to full electromotive force.Report StructureThere are all six chapters being constructions in this thesis and every chapter will lucubrate in item about this undertaking. For the first chapter, an overview about this undertaking, Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motor is discussed including the aims and Scopess of the undertaking as a usher to develop the individual stage controlled rectifier. Chapter 2 will explicate and discourse on the literature reappraisal of the Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motor. It besides focuses on general debut of the AC to DC convertor with the complete information about this convertor. It gives a brief reappraisal about the types of the rectifiers: uncontrolled and controlled individual stage and three stage convertors used as rectifiers. In this chapter besides discuss about the type of thyristor andthe feature of each type. Chapter 3 discusses the methodological analysiss of the Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motor that has been applied in finishing this undertaking. In this chapter, it consists of block diagram and flux chart which are explained about the procedure of execution and how the AC electromotive force converts to DC electromotive force so connected to the burden such as DC motor. It is besides discusses briefly how the end product electromotive force can be varied. Chapter 4: we discuss the package and hardware execution of the Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motor utilizing flow charts and simulation consequences for package execution and PCB layout and hardware working for hardware execution Chapter 5 is discoursing and exposing all the consequences obtained and the restriction of the undertaking. All treatments are concentrated on the consequence and the overall public presentation of the Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motor. Chapter 6 in overall will discourse on the decision and sum-up of the development of the Speed Control of Single Phase Induction Motor completed undertaking. In this chapter besides discusses on the jobs and recommendation for this undertaking development or alteration.Chapter 2LITERATURE REVIEW & A ; THEORETICAL BACKGROUND2.1 IntroductionThe literature reappraisal and the theoretical background about this undertaking have been made from assorted beginnings like diaries, books, articles and others. From the literature reappraisal, the input that have been collected is utile for better apprehension of this undertaking. It is because for about a century, rectifier circuits have been the most common power electronics circuits used to change over AC to DC. The AC-DC convertor produces a DC end product from an AC input while the mean power transferred from an AC beginning to a DC burden. This convertor normally besides called as a rectifier. The word rectification is used non because thes e circuits produce DC but instead because the current flows in one way. By and large, there are two types of AC-DC convertors which are uncontrolled and controlled.2.2 Literature ReviewHere in the literature reappraisal we understand about this undertaking have been made from assorted beginnings like diaries, books, articles and others. From the literature reappraisal, the input that have been collected is utile for better apprehension of this undertaking2.2.1 Background of Induction motorInitiation motors are little motors holding an end product power less than one Equus caballus power and are by and large operated on individual stage AC supply. These motors perform assortments of service in the place, office, concern concerns, mills and farms and in a figure of other applications where individual stage supply is available. The velocity of initiation motor can be reduced by diminishing stator electromotive force by an sum which is sufficient for the velocity control of some thrusts. While torsion is relative to voltage squared, current is relative to voltage hence, as electromotive force is reduced to cut down velocity, for same current motor develops lower torsion. Consequently, method is suited for application where torsion demand reduces with velocity, which points towards its suitableness for fan and pump thrusts. Variable electromotive force for velocity control is obtained utilizing ac electromotive force accountants. Industrial fans and pumps are normally driven by initiation motors. Thyristors are normally used for commanding the electromotive force to command the velocity of initiation motor. Speed control is obtained by changing conductivity period of thyristors. For low power evaluation machines, anti-paralleled thyristor brace is used.A Speed of the motor can be varied more or less uniformly in the scope of 80 % to 30 % of synchronal velocity of the motor by changing the electromotive force between 100 % to 30 % . The stator electromotive force is controlled in these velocity control systems by agencies of a power electronic accountant. Here two thyristors in anti-parallel are connected between the line and motor in a stage. Normally thyristors in stage control manner are used. It is besides possible to fire the thyristors for merely a part of the rhythm, therefore using conductivity angle use. This is utile in motor control.A A The conductivity of thyristor brace is controlled by altering firing angle of thyristors through microcontroller.2.2.2 Review on Speed Control of Single Phase Induction MotorIn this undertaking the writer speaks about An adjustable velocity thrust moving on the subsidiary twist of single-phase initiation motors is described. Speed fluctuations are obtained by seting the electromagnetic torsi on by commanding the subsidiary twist electromotive force magnitude and stage angle while the motor ‘s chief twist is straight connected to the local public-service corporation mercantile establishment. A variable subsidiary twist electromotive force stage angle is shown to give important torsion control, supplying get downing and driving torsion, every bit good as reversability and some braking torsion. The analysis includes the finding of the relationship between the subsidiary twist electromotive force stage angle and the stage angle difference between the chief and subsidiary twist currents. A control methodological analysis for choosing an subsidiary twist electromotive force magnitude and stage angle is examined. Simulation consequences of the motor ‘s torque-speed features utilizing the controlled subsidiary twist supply are shown and discussed. In decision the thrust was tested utilizing a ergometer to by experimentation verify the consequences of the theory and simulations, and to research the practicality of a simple, low-priced single-phase initiation motor thrust utilizing subsidiary tortuous electromotive force control Collins ( ) Then the writer in this paper reports about a High-performance Speed-Sensorless Control of an Induction Motor Drive Using a Minimalist Single-Phase PWM Converter where he states that Home contraptions and comfort conditioners are yet to profit from the recent developments in power electronics because of cost restraints. In this paper, a speed-sensorless initiation motor thrust system utilizing convertors with decreased device counts ( minimalist, thin convertors ) and actuated from a single-phase system is proposed for such low-priced applications. The analysis, control, dynamic, and steady-state features of the proposed thrust are by experimentation illustrated. In decision the undertaking was able to show the methodological analysis for the analysis and control of a high-performance initiation motor thrust actuated by two controlled rectifier-inverter systems with decreased count of exchanging devices. The general attack for finding the transition signals required for the carrier-based PWM pulsation coevals for this category of minimalist convertors has been set Forth. The input supply electromotive force is a individual stage and the input current is controlled utilizing a natural mention frame accountant to run near to integrity supplanting power factor. Olorunfemi ( 2005 ) This paper the writers Rodrigo and Hilton ( 2006 ) investigates the job of single-phase initiation motor ( SPIM ) sensorless velocity control. A distinct clip PI accountant and a sensorless technique are implemented on a PC-based platform utilizing a standard three-phase inverter thrust and vector control. An indirect rotor flux oriented control technique is developed based on a sensorless technique. A MRAS with a Kalman Filter algorithm is developed for a rotor velocity appraisal. In decision the Simulation and experimental consequences are presented to formalize the effectivity of the method. a MRAS sensorless control method was applied to a single-phase initiation motor. A MRAS algorithm was used to gauge the rotor velocity, from the computation of the motor instantaneous reactive power. In add-on, a Kalman Filter was used to filtrate the works variable provinces for a minimisation of the velocity estimation oscillations. An Indirect Field Orientation Control technique was used in the individual stage initiation motor thrust. This method is an alternate for single-phase initiation motor thrusts and can better efficiency with variable velocity operation. Experimental and simulation consequences show the effectivity of the technique. Here the writer sates that A centroid-based binary weight multiplier ( CBWM ) exchanging technique was proposed, which was suited for full-bridge inverter applications of individual stage initiation motor ( SPIM ) velocity. control by utilizing 8 spot CBWM to modulate square single-phase wave form and merchandise a control signal form. This technique was evaluated, and its public presentation was compared with bing BRM exchanging technique. In decision the public presentation rating and comparing was involved to the entire harmonic deformation ( THD ) , figure of pulsations per rhythm of the inverter end product wave form, both evident and reactive power. The aim of the new shift technique is to minimise the THD. The simulation consequences presented in this paper, the CBRM shift technique yields a important betterment in footings of minimum THD ( 5 % -100/ , ) when comparison with BRM. The CBWM has been considered to use for variable-speed of the individual stage three stage initiation motor thrust applications in footings of changing electromotive force and changing frequence Tipsuwanpom ( 2001 ) . This paper describes a low cost strategy for commanding the velocity of a three stage initiation motor. The motor was connected to a individual stage supply via a two component stage balancer. Speed control is achieved by changing the supply electromotive force utilizing the stage angle control. Theoretical analysis is supported by experimental measurings. Finally as consequences a new and cost effectual strategy for commanding the velocity of a three stage initiation motor fed from a individual stage supply has been presented. The proper strategy requires a individual stage supply and two thyristors as opposed to the three stage supply and six thyristors in the conventional strategy. A two-element stage balancer has been used in the new strategy to accommodate the motor to the supply. The two elements are made pure reactive elements in order to cut down the Cu loss. The value of the two reactive elements can be selected to be variable to guarantee zero negative sequence electromotive force for whole the scope of operation. Alternatively, the strategy may be simplified by choosing an mean fixed value for the two elements to give about minimal imbalance between the stator electromotive forces in order.to achieve better public presentation both in the steady province and transeunt conditions. Experimental consequences confirm the high qu ality of the proposed strategy. Alolah ( 1993 ) In this paper the writer Jannati ( 2011 ) states that This paper discusses a new vector control scheme for single-phase initiation motor runing with two twists. The vector control is based on the Rotor Field Oriented ( R.F.O ) method that was adapted for this type of machine. This new vector control is suited for all of the imbalanced initiation motors. Furthermore the rotor velocity of the imbalanced motor was estimated by utilizing Extended Kalman Filter ( EKF ) . The consequences shows the good public presentation of the proposed method. Single-phase initiation motors are widely used in the place and industrial applications. Although the power of these motors is low the figure of them is high and they use a big portion of produced electrical power. On the other manus the efficiency of these motors is low so we can state that a big sum of electrical power is wasted by these types of motors. In this paper, we proposed to utilize a power electronic thrust to increase the efficiency of the individual stage initiation motors. In add-on, we proposed a new method for the vector control of the motor. In this paper is focused on the velocity control of a individual or two stage initiation motor utilizing a diametral inversion ( DI ) of the stator electromotive forces. The alterations in the velocity mistake mark are responsible for each DI which inverts the stator electromotive force phasor and its angular speed. The chief and the subsidiary twists are ever connected and therefore the velocity mistake mark allows to determinate the revolving field way. The motor is fed by a rectifier associated with a three-phase inverter. The nucleus of the thrust bid it ‘s a 16-bit dsPIC device, which receives the velocity mistake mark and bring forth the appropriate PWM mention electromotive forces marks to the three-phase inverter. In decision In this new attack the diametral inversion was used, avoiding the rotor flux place finding in every blink of an eye. With this bid action the applied electromotive force phasor can be inverted and revolve in the opposite way depending on the velocity mistake mark. As effect, the torque way can alter really rapidly and the thrust will hold a good public presentation. Hence, the motor velocity can be easy adjusted. The consequences revealed that the rotor velocity reaches the mention velocity without relay Manual ( 2008 ) . The writer Deniz and Murat ( 2008 ) presents a variable velocity control method for fan applications. A pulse-width-modulated ( PWM ) AC chopper changes the effectual value of the supply electromotive force applied to a single-phase initiation motor. This variable supply electromotive force gives the ability to command the velocity of the motor. Harmonicss generated by the velocity control unit are by an input harmonizing to EN 61000-3-2 bounds for harmonic current emanations criterions. In decision A 25kHz PWM AC Chopper used in a single-phase initiation motor thrust was designed and realized in this survey for both domestic and industrial fan applications. This circuit can be used to command the motor velocity harmonizing to the temperature mention. Due to high frequence shift, the PWM AC chopper does non bring forth low frequence harmonics which are multiples of the 50Hz constituent. The harmonic deformations appear at higher frequences that are really multiples of the shift frequence and really easy to filtrate. This paper on Single-phase Induction Motor Speed Control Through a PIC Controlled Sinusoidal PWM Inverter to analyze the public presentation of a single-phase PIC ( programmable integrated circuit ) controlled sinusoidal PWM inverter driving a single-phase initiation motor ( with get downing capacitance ) at assorted burden conditions ( 3/4 of burden and full burden ) . The control was implemented in such a manner that it is allowed the alteration in the motor velocity via a PIC. The attraction of this constellation is the riddance of a personal computer to bring forth sinusoidal PWM pulsations. As consequences it was able to accomplish the chief undertaking in this work, is to do a compact openloop sinusoidal PWM inverter to command the velocity of an little single-phase initiation motor. This compact inverter had its hardware reduced to a lower limit through the usage of a programmable incorporate circuit ( PIC ) micro-controller ( PIC16C73A ) . In this sense a personal computer interface was avoided. One of the troubles was the deficiency of information on the most efficient control logic in this instance and its aims. One of the grounds was that the usage of a PIC in such applications is really recent, the other ground is the deficiency of importance in the industry ‘s sentiment of the single-phase accountants when compared with three-phase control systems Cunha ( 2001 ) . In this paper a Single stage initiation motors ( SPIM ) are widely used at low power degrees because of their simple building, robust nature and nominal monetary value. Conventionally, they have one operational stator twist and the velocity of the motor is non controlled. But SPIM drives for higher power degrees have both chief and subsidiary twist staying operational throughout and can be treated as asymmetrical, two-phase machines. High public presentation operation of these asymmetrical machines was associated with the jobs of patterning the dissymmetry and commanding the electromagnetic torsion oscillations. Different research groups have proposed different strategies to undertake the above said troubles. In decision the theory, analysis and simulation consequences for the vector control technique for SPIM based on stator flux orientation are presented as above. From the consequences, it can be concluded that both for flux weakening part ( above base velocity ) and changeless flux zone ( below base velocity ) , the algorithm performs satisfactorily. The little torsion oscillations are low-cost sing the simpleness of the algorithm Nanda ( 2011 ) . This paper presents the photovoltaic ( PV ) H2O pumping system with a maximal power point trailing ( MF'PT ) . The H2O pumping system uses a variable velocity individual stage initiation motor ( SPIM ) driven a centifugal pump by a field oriented control ( FOC ) inverter. The system under survey consists of two subdivisions. First, the MPPT utilizing a DC-DC convertor controlled the responsibility rhythm to track maximal power 60m PV under different sunstroke conditions. The responsibility rhythm straight relate with a flux bring forthing current constituent ( Ids ) . Second, the FOC inverter uses a current control electromotive force beginning inverter ( CC-VSI ) for SPIM driven the centifugal pump. As consequences the field oriented control individual stage initiation motor thrust system supplied by photovoltaic arrays is presented in this paper. The SIMULINK plan is used tool in simulation for determine the respond of thrust system by closely generated status with the degree of light strength alteration. The simulation consequence is demonstrated the respond of thrust in electromotive force ( Vdq ) , current ( Idq ) , motor ‘s velocity and electromagnetic torsion which are changed as measure input bid and measure burden. The decision are shown when the light strength degree alteration, the electromotive force and the velocity of motor are changed as good, ensuing from the system received the power increased. As reference, burden of motor pump is changed. The capacity of pump will precisely depend on the velocity of motor alteration Varni ( 2004 ) . In this paper the writer discusses about The diametral inversion ( DI ) of the stator voltages has been used to command the rotor place of the three phase- initiation motor. In this paper the DI is applied on a individual stage initiation motor thrust to command its velocity. The alteration of the velocity mistake mark causes a DI. Each DI inverts the stator electromotive force phasor and its angular speed. The chief and the subsidiary twists are ever connected and so the mark of the velocity mistake determines the revolving field way. The motor is fed by a rectifier associated with a three-phase inverter faculty. Two mention electromotive forces are PWM modulated utilizing a sigma-delta closed cringle scheme. As decision the consequence of an probe about a new attack to controsl the velocity of a individual stage or two initiation motor thrust was presented and its effectivity was analyzed by several simulation trials. In this new attack the diametral inversion was used. With this bid action the applied electromotive force phasor can be inverted and revolve in the opposite way depending on the signal mistake velocity. As effect, the torque way can alter really rapidly and the thrust will hold a good public presentation. The simulation consequences revealed that the rotor velocity reaches the mention velocity without muffling and with irrelevant wave-off in laden or unloaded conditions. The simulation consequences besides revealed that the velocity control presents high hardiness against external torsion perturbations Manuel and Armando ( 2008 ) . Here in Operating individual stage initiation motors across a broad scope of velocity and burden with high efficiency the writer Klaus ( 2009 ) has stated in the paper at manus the suitableness of several different capacitance run individual stage initiation machines for Phase Control, Integral ( Half ) Cycle Control or Integral Switched Cycle Control is investigated. The initiation machine ‘s theoretical account ‘s electrical and mechanical parametric quantities are estimated and simulations are carried out in order to look into the influence of the parametric quantities on entire input power, torsion and losingss. Measurements are carried out entering rotor velocity and entire input power comparing Phase Control and Integral Switched Cycle Control at about the same operating points. From these informations a simple method is derived that can be used for choosing machines for low cost velocity controlled thrusts. In decision the parametric quantities rotor weaving opposition and escape reactance provide a good standard for choosing individual stage initiation motors for low cost velocity control drives. These parametric quantities can be derived from the individual stage locked rotor trial, which is simple to execute, or can be obtained from the maker of the machine. Another possibility is to utilize the absolute value of the individual stage short circuit electric resistance as a step of the suitableness of a certain machine. The higher the per unit values of these parametric quantities are, the lower the input power and therewith the temperature rise at low velocity. In this paper a Single Phase AC Induction Motors are one of the most widely used motors In the universe, yet comparatively small work has been done In the application of power electronic convertors to these motors to accomplish variable velocity operation. Where variable velocity is required, it Is normally achieved either by mechanical choking, or by exchanging between two or more flexed twist constellations. This paper proposes a method for utilizing a standard three stage electromotive force beginning inverter to accomplish broad scope variable velocity control of a individual stage Induction motor, by linking the chief and subsidiary twists of the motor across the span as an imbalanced three stage burden. The motor Is analyzed as an imbalanced two stage system to find the torsion that can be expected under variable frequence control, and a new transition scheme Is described which achieves the maximal possible convertor for a two stage end product electromotive force ( balanced or unbalanced ) . In decision method for modulating a three stage VSI span to accomplish broad scope variable velocity operation of a balanced or imbalanced two weaving initiation motor. It investigates motor operation under these conditions, and considers restrictions inherent in the technique. From these probes, a precise transition scheme is proposed for supply frequences runing from nothing to motor rated frequence, so that rated torsion can be achieve from the motor at any velocity with the motor operating at a little faux pas. The scheme has been to the full verified both in simulation and by experimentation Holmes & A ; . Kotsopoulos ( 1993 ) . In this paper, a fresh velocity control of a individual stage initiation motor is proposed utilizing a modified inverter. Three MOSFETs are used for commanding the flux linkage of a individual stage transformer, its secondary twist is connected in series with the motor. On-line Bang-Bang velocity control of motor strategy is implemented utilizing a microprocessor to deduce the inverter. A mathematical theoretical account for the single-phase initiation motor is presented, which is used to construct up a simulation plan for a certain coveted velocity. Experimental consequences have been carried out to look into the motor public presentation with the accountant. Good understanding has been obtained between simulation and experimental consequences. In decision fresh method of velocity control of an ac motor ( single-phase running capacitance initiation motor ) by seting the flux linkage between two magnetic spirals utilizing a modified inverter and Bang-Bang control. This scheme influences the effectual tantamount induction of two spirals connected in series with the motor, accordingly control the motor applied electromotive force. Simulation and experimental survey have shown that, by this method of control the velocity of the motor can be changed swimmingly from zero value to the rated velocity with high response Zein ( 1999 ) . In this paper the writer Krischan ( 2010 ) states about a Low cost velocity control of capacitance run individual stage initiation motors across a broad scope of velocity and burden continues to be of involvement. In the paper at manus the line reaction every bit good as the electromagnetic compatibility of three different methods for velocity control – Phase Control, Integral ( Half ) Cycle Control or Integral Switched Cycle Control – is investigated. Measurements are carried out at different rotor velocity and burden torsion, comparing the methods at about the same operating points. FFT is computed for the line currents and measurings on electromagnetic compatibility. As decision they met the bounds given by the European Standard with Phase Control every bit good as with Integral Cycle Control, a brinies filter has to be used. Uniting Built-in Cycle Control with Phase Control leads to higher costs in order to follow with EMC ordinances but provides much higher efficiency.2.3 Theoretical BackgroundIn this subdivision we discuss about the theoretical background of our undertaking where we shall discourse about the chief hypothesis and the inside informations of the peripherals and constituents of the undertaking to construct in the proto type.2.3.1 Personal computer Software:Hardware can be interfaced with the personal computer to command the velocity of motor. It has no as such practical usage it is merely for larning point of position. Hardware can be connected with personal computer through a consecutive port. Consecutive communicating is used to pass on between hardware and package. Ocular basic 6 is used for doing this GUI ( Graphic user Interf ace ) . Baud rate is 2400 bits per second. Degree centigrades: UsersSONYDesktopic-max-232.jpg Figure 2.1 MAX 232 device TheA MAX232A is anA incorporate circuit, foremost created byA Maxim Integrated Products, that converts signals from anA RS-232A series port to signals suited for usage inA TTLA compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a double driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.2.3.2 The ThyristorThyristors or Si controlled rectifiers ( SCR ) as they are sometimes known may look to be unusual electronics constituents in many ways, but they are peculiarly utile for commanding power circuits. As such these electronics constituents are frequently used for applications such as light dimmers, and there may be thyristor circuits used in many power supply applications. Thyristors are simple to utilize and cheap to purchase and frequently thyristor circuits are easy to construct and utilize. All these grounds make thyristors ideal constituents to see for many applications. The thyristor may be considered a instead an unusual signifier of electronics constituent because it consists of four beds of otherwise doped Si instead than the three beds of the conventional bipolar transistors. Whereas conventional transistors may hold a p-n-p or n-p-n construction with the electrodes named aggregator, base and emitter, the thyristor has a p-n-p-n construction with the outer beds with their electrodes referred to as the anode ( n-type ) and the cathode ( p-type ) . The control terminus of the SCR is named the gate and it is connected to the p-type bed that adjoins the cathode bed. Structure of a thyristor or Si controlled rectifier ( SCR ) Figure 2.2 Structure of a thyristor or Si controlled rectifier ( SCR ) Thyristors are normally manufactured from Si, although, in theory other types of semiconducting material could be used. The first ground for utilizing Si for thyistors is that Si is the ideal pick because of its overall belongingss. It is able to manage the electromotive force and currents required for high power applications. Additionally it has good thermal belongingss. The 2nd major ground is that Si engineering is good established and it is widely used for a assortment of semiconducting material electronics constituents. As a consequence it is really inexpensive and easy for semiconducting material makers to utilize. The manner in which a thyristor operates is different to other devices. Normally no current flows across the device. However if a supply is connected across the device, and a little sum of current is injected into the gate, so the device will â€Å" fire † and behavior. It will stay in the conducting province until the supply is removed. To see how the thyristor operates, it is deserving looking at a thyristor tantamount circuit. For the interest of an account, the thyristor circuit can be considered as two dorsum to endorse transistors. The first transistor with its emitter connected to the cathode of the thyristor is an n-p-n device, whereas a 2nd transistor with its emitter connected to the anode of the thyristor, SCR is a p-n-p assortment. The gate is connected to the base of the n-p-n transistor as shown below. Thyristor tantamount circuit Figure 2.3 Thyristor tantamount circuit When a electromotive force is applied across a thyristor no current flows because neither transistor is carry oning. As a consequence there is no complete way across the device. If a little current is passed through the gate electrode, this will turn â€Å" on † the transistor TR2. When this occurs it will do the aggregator of TR2 to fall towards the electromotive force on the emitter, i.e. the cathode of the whole device. When this occurs it will do current to flux through the base of TR1 and turn this transistor â€Å" on † . Again this will now seek to draw the electromotive force on the aggregator of TR1 towards its emitter electromotive force. This will do current to flux in the emitter of TR2, doing its â€Å" on † province to be maintained. In this manner it merely requires a little trigger pulsation on the gate to turn the thyristor on. Once switched on, the thyristor can merely be turned off by taking the supply electromotive force. It can be seen that current will merely flux in one way through the thyristor. If a contrary electromotive force is applied, so no current will flux, even if some gate current is applied. In this manner for thyristor circuits used for AC, operation merely occurs over one half of the AC wave form. For the other half of the rhythm the device remains inoperative and no current can flux. There are many thyristor circuits that are in common usage. They can be sued in many applications from AC control as am utilizing it here to command the velocity of AC motor. The thyristor driver – Opto-isolator: besides called anA optocoupler, A photocoupler, orA optical isolator, is â€Å" an electronic device designed to reassign electrical signals by using light moving ridges to supply matching with electrical isolation between its input and end product † .The chief intent of an opto-isolator is â€Å" to preventA high voltagesA or quickly altering electromotive forces on one side of the circuit from damaging constituents or falsifying transmittals on the other side Degree centigrades: UsersSONYDesktopoptocoupler.jpg Figure 2.4 the Thyristor driver2.3.4 AT89C51 microcontroller:The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit personal computer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and effaceable read merely memory ( PEROM ) . The device is manufactured utilizing Atmel ‘s high-density nonvolatilizable memory engineering and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 direction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the plan memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatilizable memory coder. By uniting a various 8-bit CPU with Flash on a massive bit, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful personal computer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-efficient solution to many embedded control applications. Degree centigrades: UsersSONYDesktopSdochan89C51.jpg Figure 2.5 8051 Microcontroller

Managing Health and Safety at Work Act Essay

Review of health and safety roles and responsibilities Identify 2 pieces of legislation relating to health, safety and welfare relevant to the workplace I have identified, The Health and safety at work act 1974 and Management health and safety at work regulations 1999. The health and safety at work act 1974 is the primary piece of legislation covering all work related health and safety in the UK. It sets out employers responsibilities for your health and safety at work. The Management of health and safety at work regulations make the assessment of risks a cornerstone of UK health and safety requirements. Duties statute law imposes on both the manager and the team and the managers responsibilities contained within the organisations health and safety policy. The most important responsibility as an employee is to take reasonable care of your own health and safety and if possible avoid wearing jewelry and tie hair back when using the machines. To take reasonable care not to put other people , fellow employees and members of the public at risk by what you do or don’t do in the course of your work. You should co-operate with your employer, making sure you get proper training and you understand and follow the company’s health and safety policies. An employee should never interfere with or misuse anything that’s been provided for your health, safety or welfare. It is your duty to report any injuries, strains or illnesses you suffer as a result of doing your job. You should always tell your employer if something happens that might affect your ability to work eg becoming pregnant or suffering an injury. All employers must make the workplace safe and prevent risks to health and ensure that the machinery is safe to use, and that safe working practices are set up and followed. The employer needs to provide adequate first aid facilities and tell you about any potential hazards from the work you do and give you information, instructions, training and supervision as needed. Emergency plans need to be set up in case of emergency. Make sure that ventilation, temperature, lighting, and toilet, washing and rest facilities all meet health, safety and welfare requirements. Check that the right work equipment is provided and is properly used and regularly maintained. Ensure that the right warning signs are provided and looked after.Report certain accidents, injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences to either the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or the local authority, depending on the type of business. Explain what is meant by a ‘competent person’ in your workplace A competent person is someone who has sufficient training and experience or knowledge and other qualities that allow them to assist members properly. The level of competence required will depend on the complexity of the situation and the particular help you need. When getting help you should give preference to those in your own organization who have the appropriate level of competence which includes the employer themselves before looking for help from outside. You must consult health and safety representatives in good time on the arrangements for competent help. Identify 2 ways you can provide health and safety information, instruction and training in your team One way you can provide health and safety information is by using leaflets and posters around the work place. You can get these from various sites including: – Sector Skills Councils (www.sscalliance.org.uk); – UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES)(www.ukces.org.uk); – trade unions or trade associations; – further education colleges; – private training organisations; – independent health and safety consultants; – employer bodies (eg Chambers of Commerce); and – qualification-awarding bodies. To find a course leading to an accredited health and safety qualification look at the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority website www.qca.org.uk/qualifications. Secondly you could offer on the job training or classroom based learning individually or in groups. Computer based or interactive learning is a very fast, accurate and fun way of teaching the employees.

Sustainable architecture

Worldwide scales are experiencing a rush of population growth, this growth to the ecological balance shown against the environment and the exploitation of natural resources have sued implement new methods of construction using new technologies. (Big & Green: Toward Sustainable Architecture in the 21 SST Century). Sustainable or sustainable architecture seeks to optimize natural resources and building systems that minimize the environmental impact of buildings and their inhabitants in the environment.The high energy demand and low production force s to focus on new technologies, methods and ways to economize, reduce costs and expenses. Among these proposals is Sustainable Architecture Think of It from the social environment; It Is what makes complex human, economic, cultural and environmental relationships. Sustainable design and construction are a specific, concrete example, I practice that can contribute to the Implementation of the complex concept of sustainability. (Rosaries Camas , Sustainable Design and Construction: Inescapable Reality).The author makes clear the close relationship between sustainability and the role that the user takes socially speaking. The architect built based on a sustainable paradigm, but ultimately individuals are those who dwell, live and interact within buildings. These are what define how they are responsible for the environment and nature. Home and building automation The technological evolution of deferent disciplines, have enabled an Interaction of the same that has led to the concept of Intelligent building or home automation.The combination of different disciplines to meet the new features and user requirements such as energy saving and automation thereof without affecting the way people live. Home and building automation: smart homes and buildings, Crisp ¶bal Roomer Morale). Implementing these systems so that they have little impact on the social life of people but at the same time help improve the quality of them reducin g the environmental impact by leveraging regulations energy consumption renewable energy.Dimension Policy, Social, Economic. POLICY Reconfiguration of the city. A sustainable city Is defined as a city where there Is adequate mobility, energy conservation and water resources, reduced noise pollution, and creation of public life. Sustainable architecture has an impact on the political dimension by the limitation that is given to new technologies as the predominant practice of governments and institutions is self enrichment, and economically not suit them.ECONOMIC Prefer local materials to promote the development of local industry and promote endogenous economy seeking to strengthen the internal capacity of a region or local community, to strengthen the society and economy from the inside out, to make it sustainable and sustainable SOCIAL The commitment that people have to the environmental impact. This implies the fact of how they will interact with the â€Å"sustainable† space and how effective it will be. Sustainable Architecture Sustainable Architecture The following paragraph is a discussion of sustainability as an architectural concept. The main issue is to illuminate the different aspects of sustainable architecture being more than just a calculation, and rather a tectonic solution with high architectural quality. This closely relates to context and human needs. In recent years, the attention given to sustainable and environmental design has only become more severe as a result of climate changes and rising energy prices. The entire change in architecture and design was initiated decades ago, fiercely debating the ustainability in building construction and city planning to the present day. Though instead of reaching a clear definition, the concept of sustainability has become mainstream and vague. In the genuine architectural practice, sustainability is the concept of saving resources in building developing and city planning, in terms of reducing the use of fossil fuels and other non- ­? renewable energy sources. Instead the site- ­? specific climate and topographic features are to benefit the built environment and architecture. (Pedersen 2009) This is what is immediately and commonly associated with ustainable architecture. Introducing the term Sustainable Development, the Brundtland Commission’s Report of 1987 assumes the same point of view but takes the considerations of sustainability a step further by stating †sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own†. The report suggests a more general approach to the concept than merely environmental aspects, and thus imposes the economic and social aspects to meet the requirements of both present and future generations. The concept of architectural ustainability suggests a more holistic approach to what is genuine sustainable. Not only should the quantitative and physical requirements of i. e. daylight, fresh air, and indoor temperature be implemented; the qualitative and tectonic heritage of architecture should on equal terms be secured to make a durable solution. A solution that architecturally facilitates both experienced and technical aspects that are both considered human need. If not implementing the tectonic, what is the building if not just machine? The environmental aspect has the ability to apply different scales, whether it is he environment of the local community or the global. Due to various use of the term, sustainability has commonly been anticipated as being the same as the notion of environmental design. The general take on the subject is that it is closely concerned with the climatic and modern technologies trying to optimize the energy consumption and emissions of the built. The latest technologies seek to bring pure functionality to the architecture through dynamic facades to either intercept or protect from direct solar radiation. The exploitation of passive solutions, su ch as solar shading, thermal mass and oncepts of natural ventilation is the means of providing technical durability in the built on both a local and global scale. In addition to this, the use of materials has a central role. Whether it is the specific terms of production, the durability or the life span, the use of materials has to meet the requirements of the present as well as the future. For instance, the use of local materials can provide labour to the direct local community, which suggests a link between the environmental and economic aspect. Without an understanding of social sustainability in architecture, buildings, no matter ow environmentally efficient, are not genuinely sustainable. The social aspect is anchored primarily in the larger scale like development of cities and neighbourhoods. Architecture has an opportunity to enhance social sustainability by providing built opportunities for connectivity and balance; connectivity between the individuals within the built and b etween the surrounding community and the occupants. Balance is an aspect mainly focusing on the relation between the individual and collective to prevent a social gap in terms of i. e. ethnicity, income and difference of age. While this embraces diverse and dynamic environment, the general concern of social architecture, and especially in dwellings, is to provide a place for safety and privacy as a part of the local identity. As mentioned, there are some basic architectural needs tied to the idea of dwellings. The dwelling as an archetype is also a product of human needs, and can be defined as having the elementary function of providing shelter. The relationship between inside and out is defined through the basic use of floor, wall and roof to create a place to be; thus creating an inside in the midst of an outside. Exploring the erminology, the German philosopher argues, that to dwell already relates to the notions of preserving, saving and the concern for land. (Sharr 2007; 45) Th is implies more poetic considerations of the architectural space and its significance to the human being. Consequently, sustainable architecture must conceptually be defined as consisting of not only environmental concern and exploitation of modern technologies but also the immeasurable qualities of poetics in architectural space. The concept of sustainability must assume the holistic approach, in which the human being finds comfort and empathy. Sustainable Architecture Sustainable Architecture The following paragraph is a discussion of sustainability as an architectural concept. The main issue is to illuminate the different aspects of sustainable architecture being more than just a calculation, and rather a tectonic solution with high architectural quality. This closely relates to context and human needs. In recent years, the attention given to sustainable and environmental design has only become more severe as a result of climate changes and rising energy prices. The entire change in architecture and design was initiated decades ago, fiercely debating the ustainability in building construction and city planning to the present day. Though instead of reaching a clear definition, the concept of sustainability has become mainstream and vague. In the genuine architectural practice, sustainability is the concept of saving resources in building developing and city planning, in terms of reducing the use of fossil fuels and other non- ­? renewable energy sources. Instead the site- ­? specific climate and topographic features are to benefit the built environment and architecture. (Pedersen 2009) This is what is immediately and commonly associated with ustainable architecture. Introducing the term Sustainable Development, the Brundtland Commission’s Report of 1987 assumes the same point of view but takes the considerations of sustainability a step further by stating †sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own†. The report suggests a more general approach to the concept than merely environmental aspects, and thus imposes the economic and social aspects to meet the requirements of both present and future generations. The concept of architectural ustainability suggests a more holistic approach to what is genuine sustainable. Not only should the quantitative and physical requirements of i. e. daylight, fresh air, and indoor temperature be implemented; the qualitative and tectonic heritage of architecture should on equal terms be secured to make a durable solution. A solution that architecturally facilitates both experienced and technical aspects that are both considered human need. If not implementing the tectonic, what is the building if not just machine? The environmental aspect has the ability to apply different scales, whether it is he environment of the local community or the global. Due to various use of the term, sustainability has commonly been anticipated as being the same as the notion of environmental design. The general take on the subject is that it is closely concerned with the climatic and modern technologies trying to optimize the energy consumption and emissions of the built. The latest technologies seek to bring pure functionality to the architecture through dynamic facades to either intercept or protect from direct solar radiation. The exploitation of passive solutions, su ch as solar shading, thermal mass and oncepts of natural ventilation is the means of providing technical durability in the built on both a local and global scale. In addition to this, the use of materials has a central role. Whether it is the specific terms of production, the durability or the life span, the use of materials has to meet the requirements of the present as well as the future. For instance, the use of local materials can provide labour to the direct local community, which suggests a link between the environmental and economic aspect. Without an understanding of social sustainability in architecture, buildings, no matter ow environmentally efficient, are not genuinely sustainable. The social aspect is anchored primarily in the larger scale like development of cities and neighbourhoods. Architecture has an opportunity to enhance social sustainability by providing built opportunities for connectivity and balance; connectivity between the individuals within the built and b etween the surrounding community and the occupants. Balance is an aspect mainly focusing on the relation between the individual and collective to prevent a social gap in terms of i. e. ethnicity, income and difference of age. While this embraces diverse and dynamic environment, the general concern of social architecture, and especially in dwellings, is to provide a place for safety and privacy as a part of the local identity. As mentioned, there are some basic architectural needs tied to the idea of dwellings. The dwelling as an archetype is also a product of human needs, and can be defined as having the elementary function of providing shelter. The relationship between inside and out is defined through the basic use of floor, wall and roof to create a place to be; thus creating an inside in the midst of an outside. Exploring the erminology, the German philosopher argues, that to dwell already relates to the notions of preserving, saving and the concern for land. (Sharr 2007; 45) Th is implies more poetic considerations of the architectural space and its significance to the human being. Consequently, sustainable architecture must conceptually be defined as consisting of not only environmental concern and exploitation of modern technologies but also the immeasurable qualities of poetics in architectural space. The concept of sustainability must assume the holistic approach, in which the human being finds comfort and empathy.

Competition law Essay

A situation in which a single company or group owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. By definition, monopoly is characterized by an absence of competition, which often results in high prices and inferior products. According to a strict academic definition, a monopoly is a market containing a single firm. In such instances where a single firm holds monopoly power, the company will typically be forced to divest its assets. Antimonopoly regulation protects free markets from being dominated by a single entity. Explanation ‘Monopoly’ Monopoly is the extreme case in capitalism. Most believe that, with few exceptions, the system just doesn’t work when there is only one provider of a good or service because there is no incentive to improve it to meet the demands of consumers. Governments attempt to prevent monopolies from arising through the use of antitrust laws. Of course, there are gray areas; take for example the granting of patents on new inventions. These give, in effect, a monopoly on a product for a set period of time. The reasoning behind patents is to give innovators some time to recoup what are often large research and development costs. In theory, they are a way of using monopolies to promote innovation. Another example are public monopolies set up by governments to provide essential services. Some believe that utilities should offer public goods and services such as water and electricity at a price that is affordable to everyone.

See Assignment Criteria Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

See Assignment Criteria - Case Study Example The three elements are present in the given problem. First, the killing of Danni was unlawful. Based on the facts presented in the given problem, Sharon does not have any lawful reason to kill Danni. Second, Danni who is the victim in the given problem is a life in being. Finally, Danni could be liable for murder or manslaughter because her act of sending a mail bomb (though merely intended to frighten Gordon) actually caused or brought about the instant death of the victim Sharon. Thus, in R. v Smith (1959)2, where the victim was stabbed and died shortly afterwards, the fact that adequate medical care was not available could not be relied upon by the defendant, even though such care, if available, would probably have saved the victim's life. As long as the stab wound remained an operative cause of death, the defendant was guilty of murder. In the given problem, the mail bomb sent by Sharon was the operative cause of Danni's death. Hence, Sharon is criminally liable for Danni's death . In the case of R. v McFeely [1977] N.I. 149, the accused waited in a car while two men planted a bomb at an inn and carried out a robbery. After the two men warned the occupants that a bomb had been planted, the accused drove the two men away. As a result of the explosion, a police constable was killed. The accused was charged with murder and robbery. In its decision, the court held that the accused was not guilty of murder as although he knew the bomb was to be planted he also knew that a warning was to be given and that he didn't knew that it was probable that serious personal injury would result. Since the unlawful acts of the two men involved a risk of injury and as death had resulted, the accused was held guilty of manslaughter only. Applying McFeely, Sharon cannot be guilty of murder but for manslaughter only because even if Sharon knew the mail bomb was to be delivered to Gordon, death could not probably be the result as Sharon only intends to frighten Gordon. In R. v Loudon3, the accused drove a van containing a bomb into the premises of newspaper establishment. He shouted a warning before running off. When the bomb exploded, one was killed. The accused was charged with murder. He contended that there was no evidence that he intended to kill or cause serious injury to anyone and that no necessary mental element was present. The trial judge convicted the accused, holding that the accused knew that there would ensue from his actions a serious risk of death or grievous bodily harm to someone and with that knowledge deliberately drove the van into the loading bay with the intention of exposing someone to that risk. On appeal, it was held that when the accused drove the van into the loading bay and left it there, he knew it was probable that someone would be seriously injured or killed. In the given problem, Sharon could argue that she only intended to frighten Gordon and had no intention of inflicting any bodily harm or death. Thus, she could only be held guilty of manslaughter and not murder. In R. v Bateson4, the accused was only convicted of manslaughter and not murder because according to the court, to be guilty of murder a person must know that it is probable that as a result of his or her actions someone will suffer death or serious personal injury. In Bateson, the trial judge convicted the accused of murder holding that she knew that there w