Difference Between Conflict Theories Assignment

Difference Between Conflict Theories - Assignment Example Marx and Simmel visualize this as a conflict that arises due to constant change and erosion within the society. The social distribution of power tilts the balance allowing some to be higher than the rest and making others subjects. According to this theory, there are general assumptions that human beings are essentially self-oriented and inclined to pursue their own interests at the expense of others. This means that there will be clashing ideologies that need to be synthesized and a compromise arrived at. As noted, these two theorems look at society from different angles. They both view the society as a source of values and customs but diverge in the area of analysis: structural theorists view it a source of cohesion while conflict theorists look at it as a source of conflict. 2-Explain the Idea of Dialectical Change by way of an Example. According to the dialecticians, any existing notion or thesis has an opposing notion or an anti-thesis. This means that every ideology in the worl d has an equal opposing factor that keeps it in check for equity to be achieved. This equity comes in the form of a compromise which is termed as synthesis. For instance, the best way to define this is by looking at society as a whole. The political class is always on the run for who is best and who is fit to lead the people whether as a senator or as a representative. The campaigning period is the most competitive of all with each trying to woo voters to their camps. They look for all ways through which they can eliminate their opponents by digging deep into the past and coming up with details that may taint their names and present them as unfit for public service. They create slogans that seek to motivate their supporters to shun the other camp. The compromise here is the fact that there are laws that govern this political theatrics and that the others have a chance to cast their votes and choose the very best that they perceive as their ultimate choice.

Modelling Leadership Essay Example for Free

Modelling Leadership Essay Many people have potentials of becoming leaders by virtue of their births, for instance, into royal families. Some others cashed in on the naivety and innocence of the people around and, before long, became leaders; not necessarily by achievements but because they are opportunist. I see real leadership emerging when a individual can successfully impact the life of others which in turn makes them willing followers. This is the category my headmaster falls into. My relationship with this man started a couple of years ago. As a teacher and mentor, he sees every opportunity for success in every child. He is by no means a disciplined man, yet he is patient enough for any student. He is the headmaster, coordinating the teachers; yet he is the teacher himself. He takes it as a responsibility to have a one-on-one contact with every students in the school and he has been successful at it in spite of all other official assignment competing for attention. Every student, to him, needs to discover himself his strengths and weaknesses. With my headmaster, the hardworking students still has rooms to do better if only he could discover how and the lazy students needs only to discover his areas of interests and concentrate on it for his success. This is what he seeks to do for each students by spending time with them. An of course, he encourages the teachers to do likewise. In his words ’these little minds are going to become our leaders tomorrow and it is how well we impact them that determines what they do when they become our leaders -whether they lead us well or not. ’ His style has produced great changes in the life of students. Even other teachers are borrowing successfully from his style and they in turn are achieving great results with their students. I hope one of his products eventually rises to become the president of our great nation this will be a rewarding feather added to his cap.

Edgar Allen Poes The Cask Of Amontillado :: essays research papers

Stephen Ryan The Cask of Amontillado In "The Cask of Amontillado" Edgar Allan Poe takes us on a trip into the mind of a mad man. The story relates a horrible revenge made even more horrible by the fact that the vengeance is being taken when no real offense had been given. This concept sets the mood for true evil. The plot of the story is simple. Montresor takes revenge on his friend Fortunato by luring him into the wine cellar under the family estate. There he leads Fortunato into the depths of the catacombs where he buries him alive by walling him into a recess in the wall. This story is told in first person, from the point of view of Montresor. The exposition of the story occurs when Montresor tells us that he wants to take revenge on Fortunato because "he ventured upon insult." What this insult was we do not know. We do know that he intends to go unpunished for this act of reprisal. Montresor then informs us that he is going to continue to smile in Fortunatoâ⠂¬â„¢s face, while using Fortunato’s pride in his knowledge wine to lure him into the catacombs to taste some of his imaginary amontillado. At this point, the reader knows the conflict will be one of man versus man. It is an external struggle because Fortunato and Montresor are in a life and death fight. However, the conflict is largely internal, because Montresor has a fierce hatred that Fortunato is unaware of. The climax of the story is when Montresor chains Fortunato to the wall and begins to layer the bricks. It is the high point of emotional involvement. It is at this point that the reader may ask themselves if this is really about to happen. The conclusion lets us know that Montresor was never punished for this crime. Fifty years has passed and he is an old man telling the story on his deathbed. The true horror is that Fortunato died a terrible death, utterly alone, and his killer was never brought to justice. The theme in the story is perhaps the least important featu re. After all, it is about a senseless crime. Maybe the idea behind the story is that no one can find refuge from a deranged mind, or that terrible crimes can be committed when an imaginary offense can fester into reality.

President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal :: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Westernized modern countries such as the United States have an immense economic market in which it has allowed America to be prosperous and has created opportunities for many people. Millions of people from all over the world migrate to the United States in seek of a better life and opportunity and to live the so called â€Å"American Dream.† When President Franklin D. Roosevelt took the presidency in the year 1933, â€Å"the country was in its depth of the Great Depression.† (Neal 2010) The Great Depression was a Economic Stock Market crash in which not only did it affect the citizens of the United States but also created havoc worldwide, especially international trade relations. When the Stock Market crashed, people were worried what would happen to the country. People were being laid off, businesses being closed, and unemployment rate was rising day by day, causing even more turmoil throughout the country. Nonetheless, president Roosevelt had something else in mind to reduce the unemployment rate. Roosevelt along with his democratic party created the â€Å"New Deal†, in which it created different relief jobs helping reduce unemployment. Although President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped reduce unemployment by the means of programs such as the WPA, and CWA, these methods were not effective because the government spending of these projects created inflation and no tax cuts were being made, making the New Deal a slow process. First of all, when president Franklin D. Roosevelt took office, he had to win the trust of the of the citizens during his campaign, by proposing his ideologies, one of them being his Work Progress Administration, also known as the WPA. According to a scholarly article called, â€Å"The Dynamics of Relief Spending and the Private Urban Labor Market During the New Deal† written by three Economic professors and affiliated with the National Bureau of Economics, they emphasize Roosevelt’s beliefs and intentions to restore the country. They write, â€Å"In response to the massive unemployment of the 1930’s, Roosevelt’s New Deal in 1933 introduced the first federal relief programs targeted at the poor and unemployed†¦ he anticipated that the work relief jobs would boost consumer spending and thus increase demand for labor, which would then raise private employment and earnings.† (Neumann, Fishback, Kantor) This quote shows that programs such as these relief jobs, would not only be able to get the people back to work, but also get the economy up and running again.

Police Brutality Essay Essay

Introduction: Studies has shown that police are more likely to abuse blacks rather than whites and this is caused by racial profiling. But through the history of police brutality, police brutality was first used after a police officer was described beating a civilian in 1633. Police brutality is the abuse of force and it is usually through physical. But there are other ways to abuse which are verbally and sometimes psychologically and this is done by a federal or state authorities which are the police officers. The history of police brutality has been a cycle and the phrases are actually violence, corruption and improve on what is wrong. These has been a cycle for many years through police brutality. Police brutality exists in many countries and not only in the US. African American are always targeted as â€Å"bad† people and this also proves that there are inequality within the black community and the world. There are also certain misconducted forms of brutality but some of these are reall y common in our society which are racial profiling, corruption, false arrest and inserting fear into civilians. There are many other cases that were actually targeted mainly on blacks and this causes unfair justice. Police’s agenda is to basically fight and protect civilians as well as being the peace keepers and never being the one that harm any civilians without proper approval or warrant to an arrest or to an even greater extend which is physically, verbally or psychologically harming the opposed civilian on the mistake he/she has done. Police are the ones that set an image towards the society so that people can actually follow them and think they are doing the right thing, however it is a really disturbing matter knowing that police does racial profiling especially compared to whites and blacks. And therefore, this research paper is about police will most likely be more crucial to blacks compare to whites and this is known as racial profiling. Police brutality and racism in the US Police brutality and racism has played a big role in degrading the safeness of US as well as degrading the reputation of the authorities through these problems, there are significantly huge amount of statistics reports on police brutality. Even though these cases are brought up to court, out of  5986 reports only 33% went through conviction and 64% received prison sentences. American police officers have used lethal weapons to kill more than terrorist did since the Vietnam War. And at least once a year, there is always a person beaten by a Police Officer. And this is always shown as abusive of authority. Although committing a crime is illegal, police have no rights to abuse their rights through physical or verbal actions. Although physical abuse brings physical pain and such but verbal abuse has actually proved that it would be more harmful to that victim. As in one of the cases, a police officer actually insulted the victim till the victim killed himself out of anger. Words can actually mean a lot towards a human being and police officers think that they won’t be charged with any offense through insulting verbally instead of physical abuse can actually cause problem towards these police officers. According to a research, every year about 261 police officers are involved with police brutality and only about 27 percent of these victims are involved in law suits. In many cases, majority of these victims are actually African Americans that were abused by the law that are supposed to protect them. And the research also shows that there is a result of 382 deaths out of 5986 reports. Other than the statistics, there is also a few groups of people which are elderly, drug addicts, female and weak people. Police would take advantage of this to brutalize them while inserting fear in them through threatening for an example, police officers might threaten them about their family members and if they were to report anything the police officer would arrest or treat their family members the same way they were being treated and this would definitely insert fear into the victims. That is why some cases were reported as fake issues because victims themselves do not want to admit the truth being worried of being physically or verbally abused again. Overall, if a police officer was found abusing a victim, their rights as a police would probably be revoked and only prison sentence up to 14 months averagely and this is unfair to all the other crime offenders as well as the victims because 14 months is a really short time which these victims might be abused once again when these police officers are discharged from their duty and/or the prison. Racial profiling in the US among police officers There are a lot of known cases of police brutality especially on blacks on racial profiling. But according to an article in 2012, a black person is killed by a security officer every 28 hours. As it was also stated in this article, that African-Americans are about 13.1% of the nation population but it has nearly covered 40% of the prison’s population. Also, blacks sometimes do sell drugs and is the same as white but they have a higher percentage of getting arrested for drugs than whites and this is racial profiling. Black offenders also definitely receive a longer sentence compare to white offenders. Other than that, most of the blacks killed were unarmed, which according to the report, 44% of blacks was killed even though there was no sign of weapon. 27% deaths are claimed that the suspect had a gun but there was no prove to this. 2% had small weapons such as knifes, big scissors and cutters or any other similar weapons, and only about 20% had guns or deadly weapons. Most off icers that killed blacks claim that they were afraid and they were trying to protect themselves so they have been force to open fire. These police officers open fire if they feel like they are being threaten, for an example, the suspect running away from the cops, driving towards to cops or getting something from their waist. Police officers do not conclude if the suspect does have a weapon or not and yet just use deadly force to solve the issue. In one of the known cases of an African American getting shot by a police officer, the suspect name is Oscar Grant 22 year old, and was shot by Johannes Mehserle a police officer. The police officer claimed that Grant had a gun even though Grant was subdued by other officers which is not justified because Oscar Grant was already being subdued by other officers and yet Johannes Mehserle still fired his weapon at Oscar Grant. A few other examples of African American being assaulted without justified reasons are Rodney King, Sean Bell, and many other more. Rodney King was drunk on that night on March 2, 1991. He was speeding on the freeway and that was when the police officers attempted to pull him over, but Rodney King resisted. Once they manage to get Rodney King out of the vehicle, a group of officers tried to subdue Rodney King and used taser as well. Rodney King was kicked at the head and also was beaten with nightsticks. But lucky enough, King’s injuries wasn’t really serious but it left him with a couple of bruises and also a facial fractured bone. Sean Bell was killed by a police undercover team which fired 50 times at the car Bell and his friends  were riding in, it happened outside a strip club because he was having his bachelor’s party on that night. A police officer actually overheard that the friend talking about getting his gun, so in order to prevent the shooting from happening, the police officers opened fired at the car. And that was when Sean Bell passed away immediately on the scene. The detectives were not charged guilty of manslaughter on that night. And these are some of the cases African American’s are actually facing and this is why US should enforce a heavier rule on racial profiling. Actions of police brutality on selected victims through racial profiling The actions that were used on blacks were more crucial compare to whites such as verbal persuasion, unarmed physical force, force using non-lethal weapons, force using impact weapons and deadly force. There was a case which verbal persuasion actually lead the victim to committing suicide out of anger that has stated and it was cause by a police, these African Americans were often called nicknames like â€Å"nigger†, â€Å"negro† and many other nicknames. This can cause an impact on how they feel, it will never be shown through physical but always inside them. That is why verbal persuasion is really negative towards a victim. Unarmed physical force can cause external damage but actually, also internal because you would feel the depression on African American are seen as a minority and they know that their race will be discriminated against. As seen in some cases, African American was treated more crucially than whites, in one of the case, the black refused to go into the officer’s lunchroom and the next thing he knows is his head smashing through a plate glass window. If it was a white, it is really obvious that the police would allow him to stay outside the lunchroom and wait for other procedures. Non-lethal weapons that were used on blacks are more crucial, blacks were Taser multiple times which causes a great pain to them and in one of the cases recently, the victim was Taser to death. Force using impact weapons has also been an issue towards African American, in Walmart US, an African American went to pick up a bb rifle and he was just waving the gun around, after that the police came and ask him to disarm the gun as not knowing that was just a bb rifle. Regardless, the disagreement from the police, the police shouldn’t have fired a fatal shot on the victim and why  is the victim shot holding a bb gu n in a bb gun store. Conclusion In conclusion, the research has shown that police are more likely to be crucial towards blacks rather than whites and this is caused by racial profiling. As from the research above, we can conclude that police has been crucial towards African American. But we should also improve the systems that US is using which is actually people’s mind set. A simple thing can become a great problem, especially in racism police should not be bias about a crime which is done by a certain race but putting all the races together as one. Police’s job description is to fight justice and bring peace to civils and not being the one breaking the law. It will never be a good image towards civils. Solutions can be implemented through federal authorities, by ensuring that abuses such as torture, excessive amount of force will not happen and these officers that had broken the law should be accounted for and be brought to justice. Like some of the cases, the jury would say that the police is at his/her rights and only have a prison sentence up to 14 months average. This encourages police to not be afraid because it would only be a short time for sentence and be daring to do what is right. This would also influence the new police candidates that assaulting would not get them into a really big problem. The federal authorities should also implement solutions such as recording the actions a police officer used through a camera or being supervised by the team leader. Street cameras are really important for this matter which they can always refer back to the scene and watch how the victim was treated by police officers and this would definitely make US a better place instead of discriminating the minorities which is the African American but these solution applies to all the races but specifically for African American in order for them to be able to live equally like all the other races without any misjudgment or discrimination through racial profiling. References 99 Percent Of Police Brutality Complaints Go Uninvestigated In Central New Jersey: Report. 2014. 99 Percent Of Police Brutality Complaints Go Uninvestigated In Central New Jersey: Report. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/07/police-brutality-new-jersey-report_n_4555166.html. [Accessed 26 October 2014]. 4 Unarmed Black Men Have Been Killed By Police in the Last Month | Mother Jones. 2014. 4 Unarmed Black Men Have Been Killed By Police in the Last Month | Mother Jones. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/08/3-unarmed-black-african-american-men-killed-police. [Accessed 26 October 2014]. How Often are Unarmed Black Men Shot Down By Police?. 2014. How Often are Unarmed Black Men Shot Down By Police?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dailykos.com/story/2014/08/24/1324132/-How-Often-are-Unarmed-Black-Men-Shot-Down-By-Police#. [Accessed 26 October 2014]. Ferguson police committed human rights violations during Michael Brown protests | Daily Mail Online. 2014. Ferguson police committed human rights violations during Michael Brown protests | Daily Mail Online. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2806085/Ferguson-police-committed-human-rights-violations-Michael-Brown-protests-Amnesty-International-claims.html. [Accessed 26 October 2014]. Police brutality | Law Teacher. 2014. Police brutality | Law Teacher. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.lawteacher.net/criminology/essays/police-brutality.php. [Accessed 26 October 2014]. The Color of Justice – Constitutional Rights Foundation. 2014. The Color of Justice – Constitutional Rights Foundation. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.crf-usa.org/brown-v-board-50th-anniversary/the-color-of-justice.html. [Accessed 26 October 2014]. Presentation to Hearing on Police Brutality & Misconduct – Richie Perez.

Social Accounting

Social Accounting Definition of social accounting According to Gray, Owen Maunders, social accounting is the process of communicating the social and environmental effects of organizations’ economic actions to particular interest groups within the society at large.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Social Accounting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In reference to Crowther, (20) social accounting can be defined as â€Å"an approach to reporting a firm’s activities which stresses the need for the identification of socially relevant behavior, the determination of those whom the company is accountable for, its social performance and the development of appropriate measures and reporting techniques.† This in simpler terms is a system in which industries look for ways in which to place rates on the society for its actions. It may include effect on the environment due to the packaging of its products, cost of fuel used in company vehicles, effect on the environment due to its waste emissions either gaseous waste or liquid waste that contributes to pollution just to mention but a few. Principles of good social accounting There are eight precise basic principles of social accounting that have been identified by Crane Matten they are namely: inclusivity, comparability, completeness, evolution, management of policies and systems, disclosure, external verification and continuous improvement. Inclusivity: The organization or company seeks to hear the share holders and clients’ ideas so as to find out if their products or services are genuinely accepted and reliable. By taking these ideas into account, the organization or company incorporates them into their activities and this displays the vision of everyone engaged and involved in the affairs of the organization or company. Comparability: Comparison enables the organization to evaluate its accomplishments on a yearly basis; alongside suitable per ipheral standards and produce for assessments with other organizations which undertake similar activities and account in the same fashion. Comparison also creates room for healthy competition and tensions among similar organizations leading to better services and goods production for the consumer. Completeness: The organization intends to thoroughly look through and report on all the undertakings of the organizations work and the performance levels of all activities carried out by the organization and their share holders.Advertising Looking for report on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evolution: In order to reflect changing stakeholder anticipations, social accounting practices should also display an obligation to learning and revolution so as to ensure the organization keeps on growing positively. Management policies and systems: To guarantee efficient establishment of the social accounting process, it should be merged within schemes and actions that allow for it to be meticulously managed and assessed. Continuous Improvement: The organization intends to create a habit of giving social accounts at regular intervals say, twice a month, monthly, quarterly or whichever duration of time they choose so that ideas and routine can become part and parcel in the ethos of the organization by taking into consideration all the actions of the organization. External verification: The organization makes sure that the social records are inspected by a well knowledgeable person who does not have any interest whatsoever in the organization or company. Disclosure: This guarantees that the inspected accounts are revealed to the stakeholders and the whole community at large in the wellbeing of being accountable, honest and transparent. Global standards developed for social and environmental reports According to Cooper (36) the following are some of the accountability global standards that have been de veloped for social and environmental reports. Standard AccountAbility 1000 (AA1000), is firmly fixed on securing the value of social and ethical accounting, auditing and reporting. Kurian (48) notes â€Å"It can be used in two different ways: as a common currency underpining the quality of specialized accountability standards existing and emergent; and as a stand alone system and process for managing and communicating social and ethical accountability and performance†.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Social Accounting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Standard (SA8000) is fundamentally involved with labour and is relates with the need for organizations to comply with national and international labour law. It spells out the necessities for social accountability to make it possible for a company to: develop, maintain, and enforce policies and procedures in order to manage those issues which it can control or in fluence; and to demonstrate to interested parties, procedures and practices are in conformity with the requirements of these standards. (Kurian, 124) In conclusion, social accounting not only helps the organizations to measure their performance and compare its performance to its competitors, it also helps the public get to know the activities carried out by the organization and the effects of these activities on the environment and on individuals as well. Through social accounting, individuals can take action against corporations and organizations that pollute the environment and hold these organizations and corporations liable to their activities and their effects not only on the environment but also on individuals. Organizations through social accounting are able to get direct feedback from the consumers and the individuals involved in the activities of the organization which will enable the organization to improve on their weak areas and improve on the areas that are doing well b e it production of goods or provision of services. In addition, social accounting on organizations opens the door to criticism which the organization can use to improve not only in its image but in its services as well. Works cited: Cooper, Stuart. Corporate Social Performance: a Stakeholders Approach. USA: Ash gate Publishing Company, 2004. Print Crane, Andrew, Matten Dick. Business Ethics: managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press, 2007. Print Crowther, David. Social and Environmental Accounting London: Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2000. Print.Advertising Looking for report on accounting? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gray, Richard Maunders Kevin. Corporate Social Reporting: Accounting and Accountability. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall, 1987. Print Kurian Thomas. Social Audit: A Tool for Performance Improvement and Outcome Measurement. Centre for Good Governance: Hyderabad, 2005. Print.

Free Essays on ALS

Introduction I.Lou Gehrig A.He was one of the greatest baseball players of all time by hitting 493 career home runs. (www.mlb.com) B.Nicknamed the â€Å"Iron Horse† for playing in 2130 consecutive games. C.Late in his career he developed ALS, a disease that is now often referred to as â€Å"Lou Gehrig’s Disease.† II.My grandma developed â€Å"Lou Gehrig’s Disease† when I was in second grade. A.I remember every time that I went and visited her that she seemed to get progressively weaker. B.After putting up an extremely hard fight, my grandma died of ALS in January of my third grade year. III.Today I would like to inform you about the disease that took my grandmas life by explaining the disease, who is effected by it, and treatments used for ALS. (Transition) – Lets start with an overview of what ALS is and what it does to the body. Body I.Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is commonly known as ALS or Lou Gehrigs Disease. (www.als.net) A.The disease attacks motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. 1.Motor neurons are used to send impulses to muscles, but due to ALS they are unable to perform this task and the muscles begin to wear away. 2.Symptoms of ALS include cramping, loss of motor control in arms and legs, and falling or dropping things often. a.My grandma fell and had to be taken to the ER. (Grandpa) i.That is when we first learned of her having ALS. B.After being diagnosed with ALS there is a wide life expectancy rate. 1.Half of everyone affected lives between three and five years after they are diagnosed. 2.20% of people make it to live between five and 10 years, while another twenty percent fail to live three years after being diagnosed. 3.Ten percent of ALS patients are fortunate enough to live ten years after being diagnosed with the disease. (Transition) – Since we have looked at what ALS does to the body we will look at who gets ALS in the United States. II.There is no ... Free Essays on ALS Free Essays on ALS Introduction I. Lou Gehrig A. He was one of the greatest baseball players of all time by hitting 493 career home runs. (www.mlb.com) B. Nicknamed the â€Å"Iron Horse† for playing in 2130 consecutive games. C. Late in his career he developed ALS, a disease that is now often referred to as â€Å"Lou Gehrig’s Disease.† II. My grandma developed â€Å"Lou Gehrig’s Disease† when I was in second grade. A. I remember every time that I went and visited her that she seemed to get progressively weaker. B. After putting up an extremely hard fight, my grandma died of ALS in January of my third grade year. III. Today I would like to inform you about the disease that took my grandmas life by explaining the disease, who is effected by it, and treatments used for ALS. (Transition) – Lets start with an overview of what ALS is and what it does to the body. Body I. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is commonly known as ALS or Lou Gehrigs Disease. (www.als.net) A. The disease attacks motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. 1. Motor neurons are used to send impulses to muscles, but due to ALS they are unable to perform this task and the muscles begin to wear away. 2. Symptoms of ALS include cramping, loss of motor control in arms and legs, and falling or dropping things often. a. My grandma fell and had to be taken to the ER. (Grandpa) i. That is when we first learned of her having ALS. B. After being diagnosed with ALS there is a wide life expectancy rate. 1. Half of everyone affected lives between three and five years after they are diagnosed. 2. 20% of people make it to live between five and 10 years, while another twenty percent fail to live three years after being diagnosed. 3. Ten percent of ALS patients are fortunate enough to live ten years after being diagnosed with the disease. (Transition) – Since we have looked at what ALS does to the body we will look at who gets ALS in the United States. II. There is no ...

Preondactylus - Facts and Figures

Preondactylus - Facts and Figures Name: Preondactylus (Greek for Preone finger, after the region in Italy where it was discovered); pronounced PRE-on-DACK-till-us Habitat: Shores of southern Europe Historical Period: Late Triassic (215-200 million years ago) Size and Weight: Wingspan of one to two feet and less than a pound Diet: Probably fish Distinguishing Characteristics: Long beak and tail; relatively small size About Preondactylus Gross-out alert: paleontologists have identified two fossils of Preondactylus, one normal and the other not so normal, and both hailing from Italys portion of the Alpian mountain chain. The normal fossil is an imprint of a nearly complete specimen, lacking only part of the head, encased in a 200-million-year-old slab of limestone. The not-so-normal fossil is a wadded-up ball of bones, as if a Preondactylus individual had been gobbled up a prehistoric trash compactor. As far as paleontologists can tell, this ball is what is known as a fish pellet: the unfortunate Preondactylus had been eaten whole by a prehistoric fish, which then vomited out the indigestible bits, including the bones! Now that that unpleasant detail is out of the way, what kind of creature was Preondactylus? Paleontologists have identified this long-tailed, narrow-beaked reptile as one of the most basal (i.e., earliest and least-evolved) pterosaurs in the fossil record, dating to late Triassic southern Europe. Preondactylus was closely related to other early pterosaurs like Rhamphorhynchus and Dorygnathus (hence its classification as a rhamphorhynchoid pterosaur, as opposed to the pterodactyloid pterosaurs of the later Mesozoic Era), and it probably made its living by plucking small fish out of the water (which would explain how that unfortunate individual wound up getting eaten by a fish itself).

Scheduling and project management (pert and cpm SLP Assignment

Scheduling and project management (pert and cpm SLP - Assignment Example Typically, projects are part of organizations and their accomplishments largely depend on the organizational structure, style of management, culture and systems applied towards the same (Vanhoucke, 2012). In this paper, the analysis shall be based on the effects that project management has on the various departments of Wal-Mart, being that it is an organization of choice in this particular study. There are numerous divisions in the organization that varies from Finance, Marketing, Human Resources Management, Production, and Accounting among others. In a broader scale, most organizations have been known to have opted to adopt the benchmarking practices used in the production as being applied by Wal-Mart. The core aspect for the understanding of Wal-Mart Inc.’s application of project management is in relation to its own benchmarking practices that are widely used to define the prospects for a project in the respective department. Currently, based on the large operational base covered by the company in its distribution of its products to different markets would indicate that any changes that might be applied to a particular department would need to be done in line with the benchmarking techniques put in place; hence, an indication of huge undertakings for the project managers in the respective departments. Therefore, every project manager in each of the departments are required clearly to define their goals and make sure that the end results for the respective projects are in line with the organization’s requirements for business. Subsequently, project management has enhanced the process orientation in the various departments by ensuring that there are good project processes put in place and that all the workers in the various departments sufficiently follow the process. Process orientation is a major factor in the determination of the overall

Major Causes Of Air Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Major Causes Of Air Pollution - Essay Example Urbanization also results in unhealthy waste disposal methods. This not only pollutes the air but also creates conditions for the spread of endemic diseases. Heavy industries are another contributor to air pollution. In the last two centuries, ever since the event of the Industrial Revolution, societies move away from being agrarian and embraced industrialization. Though there were advantages in terms of scale, speed and efficiency of production, the impact on the environment was overwhelmingly negative. Toxic sludge released by many industrial plants contaminates our rivers and plains, posing huge health risks. Likewise, the exhaust pipes of these plants release numerous toxic gases into the atmosphere, leading to air contamination. Environmental regulators are not able to check this form of air pollution. Hence, in conclusion, the problem of air pollution we are facing today is one of our own makings. As a society, we need to wake ourselves from complacency and address the issue with utmost expediency. Already, the effects of global warming are starting to change the natural climatic cycles in many parts of the world. The El Nino effect is one such example. We also need to abandon the culture of conspicuous consumption. Instead of aspiring to own luxury cars and SUVs, a greater reliance on public transportation and car-pooling must be adopted. As a society, we need to change our mindset toward embracing austerity. This again compounds the accumulation of greenhouse gas and further augments global temperature.

Marketing Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing Case Study - Essay Example The push strategy involves manufacturers selling to the customers directly rather than through retailers. For the guard strategy, the product categories should have a loyalty that is low towards the brand. The substitutes in the market should be acceptable by the customers. This is a strategy by Keyman’s and Guard. Launching of new products is efficient using the push strategy. The plan is essential where there is no planning of the product to purchase. The customer needs to be knowledgeable about the product. There is consideration of the current situation of the business in terms of working and business scenario. There is also consideration of the sales figure of past periods, where more money is given for promotion for projects that show high sales figure from the past so as to increase sales. Department that build many products should be given more promotion money than small product departments to enable them tab the whole market. Promotion money is given depending on the level of competition the product in question is facing. Thus, the more the competition, the more the money given to ensure the product competes favorably. In the introduction of new products, there is allocating promotion money on the bases of all it can afford. This is to avoid losses that arise due the product, not picking up in the market. In case of short term sales, there is less promotion money to that product. To increase distribution, more promotion money should be given to ensure that the product is able to get customers and maintain the current customers. In giving cash for promotion, there is a reduction in the budget of other products so as to favor other products, which require promotion. To stimulate trial, money should be given. This is because the product requires money for promotion because it is already in the market. It is essential to first test the market before introducing a

PepsiCo Strategic Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PepsiCo Strategic Analysis - Case Study Example Anthony Rossi founded Tropicana in 1947. Business Segments Frito-Lay, Inc was funded in 1961, by merging of The Frito Company and H.W. Lay Company. Today, Frito-Lay brands account for 40% of the world, snack chip industry, and 56% of the U.S. industry. Brand Pepsi and other Pepsi-Cola products account for nearly one-third of total soft drink sales in the United States, a consumer market totalling about $58 billion. Outside the United States, Pepsi-Cola beverages are available in about 160 countries. Today Pepsi-Cola products account for about a quarter of all soft drinks sold internationally. The company has also established operations in the emerging markets of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Russia, where Pepsi-Cola was the first U.S. consumer product to be marketed. Pepsi-Cola provides advertising, marketing, sales and promotional support to Pepsi-Cola bottlers and food service customers. This includes some of the world's best and most recognized advertising. New advertising and exciting promotions keep Pepsi-Cola brands young. Pepsi-Cola Company products: - Pepsi-Cola - Diet Pepsi - Pepsi One - Mountain Dew - Slice - Mug Root Beer - Mug Crme - All Sport - Lipton Teas (Partnership) - Aquafina Water - Frappucci no Coffee Drink - Miranda 7UP (outside the U.S. only) - Fruit Works - Pepsi Max Tropicana Anthony Rossi founded Tropicana in 1947. ... Tropicana products: - Tropicana Pure Premium - Tropicana Season's Best - Dole Juices - Tropicana Twister. - Hitchcock - Looza - Copella. PepsiCo gave corporation image, which is committed with subjects like racial and sex discrimination, and environmental problems. All that through the special programs focused on each area. General In the last four year PepsiCo has suffered radical changes in its internal structure and in its market strategies. All these changes were propitiated by the arrival in the direction of R. Enrico, who implemented a radical change in PepsiCo's mentality. He made very important decisions like to come off the restaurants (Pizza Hut & KFC) and the bottlers, due to they were a heavy weight for the company. Although they were come off them, they follow linked to PepsiCo through strategic alliances, it is to say, that the restaurants still sell PepsiCo products and the bottlers follow bottling Pepsi. Moreover PepsiCo has a minority percent of share of these companies. Other important decisions that Enrico made were the strategic acquisitions of leader companies in related markets, like Tropicana an d Mountain Drew. These acquired companies have given to PepsiCo as much profit as stronger company brand image of New PepsiCo. Company Analysis External Analysis PEST Analysis: The Pest Analysis identifies the political, economical, social a technological influences on an organization. Political influences: - The production distribution and use of many of PepsiCo product are subject to various federal laws, such as the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act ad the Americans with Disabilities. - The businesses are also subject to state, local and foreign laws. - The international

Mgmt theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mgmt theory - Article Example Many government-sponsored enterprises came into operation for the expansion of lending in order to give rise to the people owning properties. US basically wanted to increase the percentage of home owners which is why the policy by FED of issuing subprime loans was relaxed, also as there were many competitors in the market issuing loans, the competition also gave rise to the issuance of loans without proper risk identification. It is therefore clear from the background of the years that lead to the crises, that the commonality among the Fed policy-makers and outside interest groups made FED relax the loan-based policies and in turn, the public interest was compromised along with proper accountability of the process. There were many incidents of the courts interfering with the rise in improper lending practices but FED ignored all these acquisitions and disregarded any amendments by the courts. This response of FED was of course due to its inclination towards the housing authority of US. Another reason of FED giving support to mortgages was that as there were many innovations in scrutinization, there was a huge amount of money available for mortgage lending. The fundamental statutory charge of FED indicates that it is only responsible for providing stable prices, providing maximum employment and moderate long-term interest rates. This makes it evident that the role of FED is not to direct the residential mortgage markets or to provide supervision to the lenders outside the banking system therefore; FED is not even well suited for policing the mortgage practices in the country. The main reason of the credit crunch of 2008 is the affect of the environment of the policy process on FED, if this not had been so, this financial setup could have been foreseen, and if not eliminated, it could at least have been to a lesser extent. FED is capable of prudential oversight

PepsiCo Strategic Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PepsiCo Strategic Analysis - Case Study Example Anthony Rossi founded Tropicana in 1947. Business Segments Frito-Lay, Inc was funded in 1961, by merging of The Frito Company and H.W. Lay Company. Today, Frito-Lay brands account for 40% of the world, snack chip industry, and 56% of the U.S. industry. Brand Pepsi and other Pepsi-Cola products account for nearly one-third of total soft drink sales in the United States, a consumer market totalling about $58 billion. Outside the United States, Pepsi-Cola beverages are available in about 160 countries. Today Pepsi-Cola products account for about a quarter of all soft drinks sold internationally. The company has also established operations in the emerging markets of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Russia, where Pepsi-Cola was the first U.S. consumer product to be marketed. Pepsi-Cola provides advertising, marketing, sales and promotional support to Pepsi-Cola bottlers and food service customers. This includes some of the world's best and most recognized advertising. New advertising and exciting promotions keep Pepsi-Cola brands young. Pepsi-Cola Company products: - Pepsi-Cola - Diet Pepsi - Pepsi One - Mountain Dew - Slice - Mug Root Beer - Mug Crme - All Sport - Lipton Teas (Partnership) - Aquafina Water - Frappucci no Coffee Drink - Miranda 7UP (outside the U.S. only) - Fruit Works - Pepsi Max Tropicana Anthony Rossi founded Tropicana in 1947. ... Tropicana products: - Tropicana Pure Premium - Tropicana Season's Best - Dole Juices - Tropicana Twister. - Hitchcock - Looza - Copella. PepsiCo gave corporation image, which is committed with subjects like racial and sex discrimination, and environmental problems. All that through the special programs focused on each area. General In the last four year PepsiCo has suffered radical changes in its internal structure and in its market strategies. All these changes were propitiated by the arrival in the direction of R. Enrico, who implemented a radical change in PepsiCo's mentality. He made very important decisions like to come off the restaurants (Pizza Hut & KFC) and the bottlers, due to they were a heavy weight for the company. Although they were come off them, they follow linked to PepsiCo through strategic alliances, it is to say, that the restaurants still sell PepsiCo products and the bottlers follow bottling Pepsi. Moreover PepsiCo has a minority percent of share of these companies. Other important decisions that Enrico made were the strategic acquisitions of leader companies in related markets, like Tropicana an d Mountain Drew. These acquired companies have given to PepsiCo as much profit as stronger company brand image of New PepsiCo. Company Analysis External Analysis PEST Analysis: The Pest Analysis identifies the political, economical, social a technological influences on an organization. Political influences: - The production distribution and use of many of PepsiCo product are subject to various federal laws, such as the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act ad the Americans with Disabilities. - The businesses are also subject to state, local and foreign laws. - The international

Answer question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Answer question - Essay Example Nonetheless, the relationship between Rose and Saba concerning a graphic design desktop computer worth 1,500 did not constitute a valid contract. Despite the seller’s â€Å"offer† of the item for sale, MacIntyre (2013) would argue that Rose’s response did not meet the â€Å"acceptance† test. Her counter-offer of 1,000 for the same item was not readily accepted by the seller, thus stripping the agreement of any validity. This case is almost similar to Hyde v Wrench (1840) 49 ER 132 in which the respondent offered a piece of land valued at  £1,000 for sale (Elliott, & Quinn, 2014). The plaintiff gave a counter offer of  £950 which the seller refused. The plaintiff then communicated his acceptance of the initial offer of  £1,000, but the seller refused to sell the property to him, prompting the litigation for performance. The court is likely to follow the precedent set in Hyde where a counter-offer invalidated the contract and stripped the claimant of the rights to specific performance. The status of contract between Rose and TW depends on whether each party acted reasonably to see its creation. Whereas the two weeks that Rose took to communicate her acceptance of the TW offer was reasonable, it may have been the cause of the subsequent delay, leading TW to revoke the contract. The main legal issue in this case is whether TW made a valid revocation of the offer. The validity of a revocation of an offer principally lies in its communication to the offeree. Rose has grounds against the validity of TW’s letter of revocation. Rose’s claims are backed by the ruling in Byrne & Co v Leon Van Tien Hoven & Co [1880] 5 CPD 344 where the court imposed a ban on revocation of an offer by the postal rule, but allowed acceptance under similar circumstances. As Justice Lindley held in the case, TW would only be deemed as having validly revoked the offer through a direct communication

My Favorite Memory Essay Example for Free

My Favorite Memory Essay It all began in the summer of 1988 when my parents packed up our car. We began our countless hour journeys from Youngstown, Ohio to FaHoLo Deaf Family Camp in Grass Lake, Michigan. The excitement and thrill that would rush through my veins when going to FAHOLO sent visions to my head about who I would see first, where I would be staying, what I would be doing, and to what fun places I would go. You are never too old to go to FAHOLO, there is always something to do no matter what age you are. Although the cost of camp was somewhat on the pricey side, every dime we spent getting there was well worth it. You cannot place a cost on memories and the people you meet while you are at camp. My memories of camp began when my parents and I arrived at FAHOLO each year. We would unload the car as fast as we could so we could go to the loud sanctuary. As we walked up to the sanctuary we could hear very loud music coming from it, the vibrations shaking the building and the buildings around it. When you walk into the sanctuary all you see is hearing, hard of hearing, deaf, and special needs, all coming together to learn and worship the Lord. It is such an incredible site to see. After the evening service had ended, we would all go to the dining hall. I can remember hearing the doors creak open and the smell of the oak wood inside the lobby. When you walked into the dining hall you could smell whatever was cooking. The first night of camp was always pizza. The pizza that night was delicious; the crust was thick, the sauce very light, the cheese was extra thick, and the toppings piled on high. I remember sitting down to eat pizza, seeing hands signing, and recognizing faces I hadnt seen in years. I remember eating pizza every year with my best friends Jaclyn, Amanda, Amber, Amy, and BJ. Wed sit and talk about all the fun we had over the past year, sports, the things we were going to do during the week, and how much fun we were going to have. We would then start to plan out wh at activities we wanted to do first. As the night came to an end, we said our goodbyes and headed to our different dorms. Jaclyn, Amanda, Amber, Amy, and I always stayed in the Girls Dorm. I can vividly remember the smell of the old dorm room as I opened the door mold and bleach. I can remember hearing giggling, seeing the deaf girls signing, and my friends Amanda, Amber, Amy, and Jaclyn all unpacking their things into dressers as I walked down the hall to my room.. By the time I got done unpacking I was tired and ready for bed and the next day as well. I was ready to learn whos class I was going to be in for the week and I was excited and ready to learn,but most of all I was looking forward to my free time during the afternoon because we were able to do whatever activities we wanted. After our morning classes and lunch came free time in which we could choose from many activities during the afternoon. We had the choices of going swimming in the pool, swimming at the lake, paddle boating, kayaking, canoeing, jumping off the blob, jumping on the water trampoline, playing softball or volleyball, go-karts, riding horses, climbing the rock wall, or going on group trips. For days on end my best friends and I would swim carefree in the glimmering waters of the pool and lake. The outside pool is where I learned how to swim in the deep end and float on my back. I even saved a little girl from drowning because her parents were not paying attention to her. Grass Lake, is the lake where I learned how to row a canoe, kayake, and how to properly skip rocks. I will never forget the crisp, clean air, seeing the ripples of the water on the lake from skipping rocks, and the sound of oars going in and coming out of the water. As the sun slowly began to set, the lake would slowly grow cold. The night sky filled with bright, twinkling stars. It looked as if someone spilled a container of glitter in the sky. I loved those nights, wouldnt you? My absolute favorite memory of camp was the bonfire and hayrides every year. I loved the smell of bonfires, the sound of the wood as it crackled and popped, and of logs collapsing as they disintegrated into nothing but ash while amber ashes floated into the night sky. The best part about a bonfire was roasting marshmallows. Id sit and watch the marshmallow turn from white to a light amber color and thats how I knew my marshmallow was perfect. I remember making a smore one night and giving it to my friend Amanda. She sat and bragged about how good the smore was and told people to have me make their smores. One by one people started coming up to me and asking me to make a smore for them. It was fun for meto compete with other people to see who could make a better smore, but Id always win. While the bonfire was still going, the grounds keeper came to the campgrounds with his red horse drawn wagon and would take turns loading groups of people into the wagon. I loved getting to ride in the wagon with all my friends, talking, laughing, signing, of course, and just being goofy. I remember looking at the night sky thinking â€Å"could this get any better?† and it usually did by my friends burying me or someone else in the hay. I can remember laying down in the wagon and having hay thrown on top of me, stuffed down my sweatshirt, and even into my socks and shoes. I was so warm buried under all the hay. When the hayride came to an end, I had to get out from under all the hay that was thrown on top of me. It was not fun trying to get all the hay off of me. I had to go take a shower to get it all off. I seriously did not know that hay could hide in the tiniest of places. As the night came to a close, I was reminded of how camp was coming to an end. The end of camp was the best but yet the saddest time. Even though everyone was sad that camp was coming to an end, it was still a time of joy and happiness. We made our last day the best. On the last day of camp there would always be a Talent Show. I was in the talent show one year. Since it was a deaf camp and not many people saw me sign I decided to sign a song. I was so nervous when I got on stage, but my nerves subsided when I saw my parents in the audience cheering me on. As I began to sign I saw the looks on peoples faces and their expressions were priceless. They looked stunned like they couldnt believe that I knew how to sign as well as I did. After the talent show, people came up to me and told me that I was astounding, amazing, and that I needed to pursue a career in interpreting. The people also congratulated me on winning the talent show. After the talent show was finished we had a formal banquet to celebrate. It was incredible to see how men could go from wearing basketball shorts and tank tops to suits, the women from shorts and t shirts to dresses and skirts. Before the banquet we would always take a picture of everyone who came to camp. We then proceeded to the dining hall which was decorated each year with a theme. We would be seated at tables and treated like guests at a fancy fest or a royal ball. We used proper manners, ate very well cooked meals, had dessert, talked, and just had fun. After the banquet was over it was time to leave. At the end of the banquet we said our goodbyes, hugged our friends, packed the car, and started our countless hour journey back to Ohio, keeping the memories of the dazzling lake, the nice cool pool, the crisp Michigan summer air, the twinkling stars, the sweet smells of the bonfire, and the fun memories with friends in our minds. Even though I was sad to leave, I knew Id be back next year seeing the same people and creating more memories.

Stages of Child Development for Home Childcare

Stages of Child Development for Home Childcare Serving as a home- based child care provider is an important job, one that requires hard work, creativity, flexibility, and genuine concern for children and their families. In California, there are several types of home based child care settings, including family, friend, and neighbour care that does not require a license; Family child care homes licensed by the state; and licensed settings that are also accredited by the national association for family child care. Whether you operate a licensed family child care home, care for your grandchildren, or are a provider accredited by a national organization, you have an opportunity to make a positive and lasting impact on the lives of the children and families in your care. As you read guidelines for early learning in child care home settings, you may want to think about why you are a home based child care provider. Perhaps you think the home offers the best setting for working with young children. Maybe you want to use your teaching skills in a setting that allows you to work at home and care for your own children. Or you may want to help a family member or neighbour by caring for their children. Regardless of the reasons you became a home based provider, the guidelines in this book were developed to help improve your service to children and their families and to improve the quality of your work life. The guideline will help Provide learning experiences for preschool children, infants, and toddlers in mixed age group settings that are common in home based care. Promote meaningful with children, develop their vocabularies, and encourage their interest in books and stories. Interest children in daily home activity that involve problem solving, measuring, sorting, classifying, and other skills that serve as building blocks for future learning in math and science. Include children with disabilities and other special needs in your home based setting and get help for those children when needed. Show respect and appreciation for the home languages and cultures of children and their families whose backgrounds differ from yours. One of the strengths of home based child care in that it enhances the opportunity to get to know children in the context of their families. By understanding and respecting the primary role of the family in the lives of young children, and by supporting the family in times of celebration as well as stress, you strengthen a child’s social and emotional development. Explain to families how on a daily basis you promote language development and thinking skills in a natural home setting by talking with children, preparing their meals, and playing with them . Communicate with parents and other family members and learn how to involve them in home based learning and care activities. Working as a home based child care provider is a demanding job. Whether you are a licensed family child care provider or an exempt provider, you may wish you had more interaction with other providers and other adults help with business practices, and additional training or education. www.cde.ca.gov Babies and children not only grow bigger in size but also usually go through what are known as stages of development from birth, how babies look and what they can do change enormously. Growth is about the body growing and getting bigger in size and weight; for example, children grow taller and their feet get bigger. Growth happens naturally if children are healthy and well cared for. Development is about learning new skills, such as children learning to kick a ball or hop on one foot. Children need lots of different activities and the support of adults to develop new skills. Babies from birth to three months. Physical development -sleeps for around 18 hours each day, feeds every two to three hours during the day and will need to be fed less often during the night. Intellectual D -begins to use senses to hear, smell and see what is going on around. Language D at first a baby is only able to cry, but quickly learns to make cooing and gurgling sounds. Emotional D -a baby will cry when in pain, hungry or uncomfortable, such as when they have a wet nappy or feel too hot or cold. Social D -a new baby will try and look at faces, especially when they are being fed, by the age of three months a baby may copy an adults smile. Three to six months Physical D feeds three to five times every day, the baby can control head and arm movements, such as grasping a toy or rolling over on a play mat. Intellectual D -greater development of senses, a baby will turn towards a sound, and learn who different people are by listening to their voice or looking at their face. Language D -a baby at this age will make many different sounds such as babbling and cooing when they are enjoying a bath, or grunting and crying when they are unhappy or tired. Emotional D – enjoys being cuddled and rocked. Social development- knows the difference between family members, usually enjoys contact with family members, such as when feedind and being bathed. Six to 12 months Physical D –eats three meals and two snacks every day, sleeps for around 12 hours every night and may have two naps every day. Begins to control the body and hands by moving objects or pulling things towards them. At around eight months, a baby will begin to sit without support and may start to crawl. Intellectual D enjoys playing moves toys and objects from one place to another so that by the time the bady is 12 months old, they are able to stack one brick onto another. Babies enjoy looking at bright colours. Emotional D – babies may become clingy to family members because they are now more aware of strangers. Social D – gives and takes objects or toys, may wave bye-bye by 12 month babies have learned to look when someone calls their name. and might understand some simple requests. One to two years Physical D – stands without support and begins to walk, can climb up stairs so needs to be watched, by the age of two years a child can run, throw and kick a ball. Intellectual D- begins to make lines on paper with crayons or paints. By the age of two years a child may enjoy building a tower of two bricks and pushing them over. Language D – children begin to repeat a few words and understand some instructions such as coat on come here understands about 50 words at two years of age. Emotional D – a child may be interested in looking at themselves in the mirror such as when clapping or pulling faces. Social D – enjoys simple clapping games such as pat a cake enjoys feeding themselves. Two to three years Physical D – learns to jump off a low step and may ride a tricycle, uses a spoon and fork properly when feeding themselves. May take an interest in using the toilet or potty. Intellectual D – user crayons to draw in circular movements and make simple shapes, children may enjoy dough and messy activities. Language D – a child will put three or four more words together to make sentences for example me do that mummy or little dog barking. Children will learn lots of new words and enjoy looking at picture books and listening to stories. Emotional D – a child may be worried when family members leave them the child may cry when starting nursery or if the parent goes out for the evening leaving the child with a babysitter. Social D – uses I , me , and, you , copies actions such as when singing rhymes at nursery, copies adult, actions by pretending to clean the car or stir food in a pan. Can dislike sharing with others children at this age may enjoy playing next to other children but may not play with them. Three to four years Physical D – stands on one leg jumps up and down, enjoys climbing and cam change direction quickly when running in the play area. may now be able to take responsibility for their own toileting. Intellectual D – draws circles with more control and may add lines for arms and legs or dots for eyes. Can count up to ten and begins to learn the names of colours and shapes. Language D – understands over 1,000 words and makes sentences of four or five words, children now enjoy listening to longer stories and will often choose the same story over and over again. Emotional D – shows a sense of humour may tell jokes and make funny faces or do silly walks. Likes to spend time playing alone but also enjoys playing with other children. May enjoy hugs and cuddles with family and friends. Social D – gives orders enjoys playing with children and will leave the main carer more easily such as when going to nursery. Four to five years Physical D- can open and close fastenings can dress and undress for a PE lesson. Can use scissors to cut out shapes and pictures, skips with a rope, runs quickly and safely around the playground without bumping into other children. Intellectual D- can copy letters and numbers and can write their own name, draws pictures of trees, houses, people and animals. Language D – children at this age know up to 2,000 words and use proper sentences, children often talk clearly and will enjoy telling stories about themselves. Emotional D- enjoys caring for pets, shows concern when a friend is hurt, children will like to make choices for themselves, such as deciding which clothes to wear or what book to look at. Social D – children are more able to do things for themselves such as wiping up spilled juice, they may also like to help other children, such as helping a younger child to complete a jigsaw. www.hoddereducation.co.uk Children are curious and love to investigate. This can lead to all kinds of situations that could result in accidents occurring. As an early years practitioner, you need to have a thorough understanding of child development and children’s capabilities. You need to be able to select equipment, toys and play materials that are suitable for children’s age and stage of development. A wide range of safety equipment and other resources are available to help practitioners to keep children safe indoors, outdoors and on outings away from setting. The choice of safety equipment used will depend on a variety of factors, including the age and stage od development of the children . the type of setting and the nature of the potential risks involved. For example, safety gate, socket covers and fireguards make the home environment safer for toddlers, while playground surfaces, secure fencing and CCTV cameras help to maintain a safer environment for children in group care. All equipment used with babies and children, such as toys and play materials, electrical items and outdoor equipment, needs to meet the relevant health and safety standards. These items should display a product safety logo, such as the CE mark to show that they meet European health and safety standards. Educationscotland.gov.uk Trips and outings should support the development and learning that takes place within the centre. Outings provide important opportunities for learning and are an essential part of a child’s experience. When taking the children out of the centre ground staff must ensure their safety at all the times. It is the head of centres responsibility to give permission for outings to take place, having first checked all arrangements and completed formal risk assessment forms. The day care coordinator can give permission for local outings to take place. practitioner must be sensitive to children’s religious beliefs in selecting places to visit. any volunteers or staff that are not police checked must remain with a permanent member of staff a first aid kit must be taken a mobile phone must be taken and the number left at the centre for ease of contact in an emergency a register must be taken on the trip this must include all emergency contact details and details of any allergies medical conditions and dietary requirements and name and number of child s doctor a level 3 qualified member of staff must always accompany the children on outings extra items that might be needed for outings toilet rolls, tissues, sick bags, refuse sacks, disposable gloves, sun cream and hats, refreshments practitioners must always accompany a child into public toilets all children must have badges attached to them giving the centres name and telephone number. For reasons of safety a child s name must never be displayed on the badge. The head of centre is responsible for knowing the whereabouts of every child and all staff involved in the trip. Clear arrangements must be in place should any child become separated from the group. The practitioner must take responsibility for specific children, preferably for those for whom they are the key worker. Changes to this must be explicitly acknowledged by the staff concerned. The practitioner must refer to the child registration forms to ensure that parents cares have. www.millfields.hackney.sch.uk

The Adult Spinal Column :: Biology, Tissues

Abstract—Understanding the relationship between repetitive lifting and the breakdown of disc tissue over several years of exposure is difï ¬ cult to study in vivo and in vitro. The aim of this investigation was to develop an asymmetric Porovisco elastic ï ¬ nite element model of a lumbar motion segment that reï ¬â€šects the biological properties and behaviors of in vivo disc Finite element predictions were compared to in vivo measurements published by Tyrrell et al. (1985) of percent change in total stature for two loading protocols, short-term creep loading and standing recovery and short-term cyclic loading with standing recovery. Future models will treat the tissues as poor-assume elastic and 3D in order to be more accurate and the relationship between repetitive lifting and disc degeneration T I. INTRODUCTION he adult spinal column is made up of 26 bones, called vertebrae: 7 cervical in the neck, 12 thoracic in the rib area, 5 lumbar in the lower back, a sacrum and a coccyx. Located between adjacent vertebrae are intervertebral discs. The human intervertebral disc acts as the body’s shock absorber to properly diffuse the stresses that the spine encounters. It is made up of the inner, gel-like nucleus pulposus and the outer annulus fibrosus. Fluid flows through the disc in a diurnal cycle At the beginning of each day, the disc is fully hydrated, but as the day progresses, fluid is forced to flow out of the disc; this flow helps to carry nutrients into and waste out of the disc [1]. The exploration of biomechanical properties of living tissues is fundamental to the analysis of structural behaviour of the musculoskeletal system. It is known that mechanical properties of living tissues are time dependent. Creep, relaxation, constant strain rate loading, and cyclic loading represent the various physiological loading conditions that the human body confronts. For example, higher strain rates of loading can be used for simulating vehicular accidents or trauma, medium strain rates of loading for daily activity, creep for the prolonged static posture, and cyclic loading for work in vibrating environments, i.

Molieres Tartuffe - The Character of Tartuffe :: Tartuffe Essays

The Character of Tartuffe      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moliere's neoclassic comedy, Tartuffe, is a prime example of his expertise in the comedic technique. The plot is one that keeps the reader or viewer interested and aware. It begins with Madame Pernell visiting her son's house and reprimanding all of them but their boarder, Tartuffe. She believes Tartuffe is a man of astounding character. The members of the house, however, disagree and say that Tartuffe is deceitful and a fraud. After Madam Pernell leaves, Dorine and Cleante, the maid and the brother-in-law of the main character, Orgon, discuss Tartuffe and both agree that he has captivated Orgon. Damis, Orgon's son, wonders whether his father will allow Mariane, Orgon's daughter, to marry Valere, who she is in love with, because Damis is in love with Valere's sister.    Orgon comes and tells Mariane that he wants her to marry Tartuffe instead of Valere because he wants to ally Tartuffe to his house. She is so shocked that she does not say anything. Cleante tries to tell Orgon about Tartuffe's misleading personality, but Orgon does not want to hear it. Valere finds out about this proposed marriage, and Dorine promises to help Mariane and Cleante expose Tartuffe for the hypocrite he is. Meanwhile, Damis has a plan to hide in a closet to try to expose Tartuffe's hypocrisy. He hears Tartuffe profess love to Elmire, Orgon's wife, and suggests that they become lovers. Damis comes from the closet and threatens to tell Orgon what he has said. Damis then tells Orgon, and Orgon is so blind to the truth, that he believes his own son is evil and disinherits him. Later, when Orgon and Tartuffe are alone, Orgon tells Tartuffe of his plans to make him his sole inheritor and his son-in-law. After this, Cleante tries to talk to Orgon about Tartuffe and he confronts Tartuffe in front of Orgon. Tartuffe just dodges the questions, though, and leaves as soon as possible. Elmire then convinces Orgon to hide and find out for himself about Tartuffe, so he does so. Tartuffe comes to see Elmire and once again professes his love. Orgon hears it all, comes from the closet, and bans Tartuffe from his house. Orgon, however, has already signed over his house to Tartuffe and Tartuffe threatens him with this. Orgon is afraid because he has given Tartuffe some secret papers that could ruin his position in the court.

Power of Situations Essay

In the,† The power of situations†, by Lee Ross and Richard E. Nisbett, the authors are trying to show the power of situations effecting the decisions of the people, how people react in different situations. The authors are trying to prove that social psychology rivals philosophy in teaching people that they do not understand the true nature of the world. The above claim is supported by two experiments, the Good Samaritan experiment by Darley and Batson, and the bystander effect experiment. The authors purpose was to prove how situations effect out actions, they were successful in proving it by acquiring such positive results in both of the experiments. The authors argue the difference in the point of view of the undergraduates and graduates of social psychology about the human behavior. Undergraduates who while taking their courses finds many facts about human behavior, it makes them feel satisfied with information, whereas graduates who have studied the human behavior fo r a long time have a challenged point of view towards the causes of human behavior than undergraduates. According to the authors small detail in an incident does not matter, what matters is the situation in which the incident took place. Authors argue about how the social psychology surpasses philosophy while making a decision. Even graduate students with years of experience, are not certain in predicting human behavior under peer pressure. In the end the authors talk about the â€Å"fundamental attribution error† it says that people who consider the personality traits and common tendencies in predicting the human behavior are proven wrong. They often fail to take into consideration the situational factors that affect the behavior. The bystander effect is used by the authors to prove that predicting ones behavior is impossible if we take into considerations the insignificant details. In this experiment the subject is John who is put in a situation in which he sees a man by the door asking for help, we are supposed to predict the behavior of John. A normal person would take into consideration the specific details of the situation and predict the behavior; this will result into a wrong prediction, the details of the circumstance does not helps predicting johns behavior, only the situation  and the actions of other bystander is considered while predicting ones behavior. The author is successful in proving the bystander effect on a person in any situation. There are many other experiments conducted world-wide proving the effect of bystander intervention. One of the most famous experiments was one conducted by Latane and Darley, in which participants were kept in a room and smoke was released in it, the percent of participants who reported the smoke decreased as the participants increased in a room. A special thing about this bystander effect is that: the more bystanders present when help is needed, the less assistance any of them will provide. The authors have mentioned another experiment conducted by Darley and Batson named â€Å"The Good Samaritan† experiment. It is a study of how people react to an emergency in different situations and levels of urgency. The researchers had three hypotheses to prove via this experiment: 1. People who are religious does not act any different those who are not, in a situation. 2. People in a hurry are less likely to help others. 3. People who are religions in a Samaritan fashion will be more likely to help than those who are not. The researches gave a task to certain amount of people, and on their way going the other side of building, they were faced with an emergency situation, and the researchers were to record how many participants helped in that situation. The results of this experiment were very promising regarding one of the hypotheses, that people in a hurry are less likely to help others. The results proved that no matter how we think about a situation, our actions are not the same. Other thing that authors point-out is the â€Å"Fundamental attribution error† it means that people always try to predict a human behavior by observing their personality-traits, rather than observing the situational factors. Observing personal traits never help in predicting someone’s actions, it is the situational factors that help us predict human behavior. There are many other experiments by different researches which concurs with the claim of Ross and Nisbett, that how the situations affects the human behavior, and by manipulating the situation, we can change the outcome of behavior, some of them are, Sherif’s â€Å"Autokinetic Paradigm† showed how group dynamics can influence group behavior, Solomon Asch’s experiment of social  pressure, Tajfel showed that even the mere classification of people into groups can elicit partisan group behavior. The results and statistics of the authors claim were very accurate, and well supported by other researchers. WORKS CITED The Bystander Effect, Web. 1 Jan. 2010. Darley, J. M., and Batson, C.D., â€Å"From Jerusalem to Jericho†: A study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior†. JPSP, 1973, 27, 100-108. Ross, L., and Nisbett, R. E., The Person and the Situation, 1991. Chapters 1 and 2.

Fiction essay thesis and outline Essay

â€Å"The Lottery,† written by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner,† written by D.H. Lawrence both use the stories settings in contradicting ways in order to present the seriousness of the stories. Jackson used the setting as a way to sidetrack the readers while Lawrence used the setting to  construct the story. Setting is an important piece in any story and is extremely true in the two short stories that are about to be shared. In â€Å"The Lottery†, the setting is used by Jackson in an effort to distract that reader. By distracting the reader by using beautiful memory visuals, the author is able to formulate an ironic ending to the story. The setting is illustrated to be warm, bright, happy and peaceful. Some readers may suggest that the scene is pleasant and in a certain way, suspenseful. The author described the day to be â€Å"clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day.† (Jackson p.250) Jackson used the specific description in hopes to create a harmonious, calm and amiable scene for the readers. This calming mental picture of the atmosphere made the readers believe that the story will have a happy ending. The characters also played a role in throwing off the horrific ending. Throughout the story, the character all remained calm and happy. As the readers continue to read the story, they soon realize the truth about what is truly about to happen. This deceives the idea of a perfect ending. The portrayal of the buildings, town and the lottery box all added to the setting that throws readers off track of the gruesome reality of what is going to happen. In â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner†, written by Lawrence, the setting is the center of the short story. Lawrence also used real life places throughout the world and London to help create the setting in short story. The author also used real life events and hobbies to help the reader really feel involved in the story and not feel the need to try very hard to mentally visualize the setting. Lawrence outlines the characters struggles to constantly be competing with the neighbors. The in-depth description that Lawrence uses of the house and gardens paint a picture of the conflicts of income and actual lifestyle. The mood and environment fit well with this story setting. There is not a lot needed from the author to paint the scenery. Since a lot of readers have personal experiences with horses, the readers are able to read and understand without much thought. As soon as a reader can relate to an event, the little details are not needed to pull the reader into the story. There is one similarity and a few differences in these two short stories. The one and only similarity of these two short stories is that in both of these short stories, the settings are reasonable, realistic and convincing. The settings in both stories are either real locations or places that have a huge possibility of existing. In difference, Jackson used the setting to distract the audience from the gruesome, shocking and horrific ritual of stoning that was about to take place. The readers were all swayed from this reality until the end of the story. Contradicting, Lawrence incorporated the setting into the story and used vivid descriptions to allow the readers to add their own memories. Lawrence created the setting in an effort to draw the readers in as the story unfolded. In conclusion, although both stories had a similarity, they both used the setting in different ways. Shirley used the setting to distract the readers while Lawrence used the setting as the main focal point in the story. Both stories surely provided the readers with firsthand examples on how important the setting can be in a story and how it can have a huge impact on the readers perception. â€Å"The Lottery,† written by Shirley Jackson and â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner,† written by D.H. Lawrence both use the stories settings in contradicting ways in order to present the seriousness of the stories. Jackson used the setting as a way to sidetrack the readers while Lawrence used the setting to construct the story. Works Cited: → Kennedy, X. J, and Gioia, Dana,eds.. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing, Compact Interactive Edition. 7th ed. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, 2013 →Jackson, Shirley. â€Å"The Lottery†. 250-256. →Lawrence, D.H. â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner†. 234-244

Country Music and Patsy Cline Annotated Bibliography

Country Music and Patsy Cline - Annotated Bibliography Example Ching's book has been found one of the chief resources in any researches relating to country music, and it is greatly effective in this study on the life and works of Patsy Cline. The book focuses on the various characteristics of country music including the importance of lyrics. The subject area incorporated in the book can be a useful in an understanding of Patsy's country music, particularly with regard to the lyrical qualities of her music. Therefore, this resource proves to be an added advantage to an investigation in Patsy's musical merits. This is one of the most useful collections of articles which deal with the various aspects in the life and works of Patsy Cline. The different articles in the edited version focus on some of the most essential features of Patsy's music. In one of such articles, Jensen points to teh quality of Patsy's music who celebrated country music to the fullest.

Journal Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal - Article Example He interrupts the reader’s train of thought unexpectedly and suggests the exact opposite of what they might be thinking. For example, he mentions that a few empty shampoo bottles fall in the tub that have been accumulated over time. The reader expects him to request to throw them away; on the contrary, he instructs them to put them back in order. Similarly, the instructions regarding mending the shower curtain and calling for help when none of his techniques work is hilarious. Thus Frazier points to an everyday incident which rather proves to be quirky and troublesome in an amusing way. Journal Writing This article reminds me of something really annoying, particularly when one is in a rush. Purses, wallets, hand bags and all other types of bags sometimes become a nuisance, if anything goes wrong with the straps, or zippers, or the safety locks. Even the inside pockets of bags and purses are either so tiny or so huge that our belongings get either stuck or lost, respectively. L ooking for a bunch of keys, or a receipt/ token/ ticket/ cash can become a hassled task. Fumbling for our belongings in the bags/ purses that we carry everyday is rather an annoying thing; but when looked at in retrospection, we might laugh at such incidents. Once I had to return a scarf to the sales girl in which I had found a defect.

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 13

Project management - Essay Example In this respect, the group flourishes and makes great strides in many academic contests. However, the optimist does not have a strong bond in their grouping. The individual group member are focused on their personal goals rather than the overall group goal achievement. The behavior of the optimist is conservative and limiting in many ways. The optimist group instills the culture of hard work among the members of the society. According to Mccalman (2008), the optimist is associated with stupidity and boredom. The optimist usually is techno-savvy and is the cream of society with regard to literacy and empowerment. The weakness of the group is that it has low social rating. The failure of the group members to interact with people does not deprive them of information on the current affairs. The tendency only makes them less sensitive to the human value other people. Their major focus on machines lie computers is the group’s short-coming. The optimist is the cream of society and th ey are initiators of all innovations within the society. The group’s fortitude enhances exploits in the technological sphere. The group member usually spends much of their time surfing internet. This implies that their lives are solely based on the internet and other computer applications. Slashdot is also a forum, which is frequently accessed by the optimistic members. The optimist also enhances inventions and they help create new gadgets to the market. The theory to be established is the thinking learning theory. This theory will encompass all the aspects of almost all the other learning theory. This owes to the fact that essentially all the processes pertaining to learning are subject to thinking. Therefore, it is prudent to establish this theory based on the fact that thinking is a variable of learning. Mccalman (2008) asserts that cognitive –gestalt theory reveals how a

Ethics and Diversity in Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics and Diversity in Policing - Essay Example e ethical rules related to his/ her job, as these rules are incorporated into the relevant code of conduct, b) non-controllable factors; shooting a civilian by accident while participating in an operation against a burglary can be an example of such case, c) personal factors, such as consumption of alcohol while in-duty and d) failure in evaluating a case appropriately (U.S. Department of Justice 2007, p.22). The above problem could be effectively faced through the following measures: a) training programs focusing on the codes of conduct and ethics should be introduced in each police department, b) a phone-line operating 24hrs/7 could be established for supporting police officers when performing their job, c) in each police station a control mechanism would be created for checking the cases of misconduct of police officers. Among the rules including in the police codes of conduct there are certain that are quite difficult, either because of the conditions of work, such as those focusing on the behavior of police officers working within prisons, or because of the police sub-culture, such as those regulating the duties of police officers working in departments controlling police corruption. McCall, D. (2011) â€Å"Ethical and Effective Policing.† US Department of State, Vol 15, No 10, pp.1-28. Retrieved from http://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/133183/publications/Ethical%20Policing_041311.pdf U.S. Department of Justice (2007) â€Å"Building Trust Between the Police and the Citizens They Serve.† Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, pp.1-132. Retrieved from http://www.theiacp.org/portals/0/pdfs/buildingtrust.pdf U.S. Department of Justice (2000). â€Å"Laws enforced by the Department of Justice in maintaining integrity for federal officers.† Organizational Report, pp. Retrieved from http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/cor/Pubs/polmis.pdf The police sub-culture is characterized by certain ethical issues, such as: a) a police officer has ‘to control the

People Resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People Resourcing - Essay Example The year 2008 saw the economic market hit a bump in a rather smooth road that it was enjoying over the last decade. The year saw the emergence of the global financial crisis that hit the job market all over the world and it has seemed difficult for the market to regain its stable shape. Banks have increased their lending rates over time making it rather difficult for entrepreneurs and other businesses to borrow money from them and consequently expansion of businesses has reduced drastically. This is important information for companies that may seek to continue with traditional trends of haphazard recruitment (McKenna & Beech, 2002, 234). With the minimal number of expansions made by companies, it has become rather difficult for more employment opportunities to pop up in these businesses, which has been a major factor to observe when considering people resourcing. This is from this that companies have faced challenges in that every business seeks to offer more employment opportunities in an effort to improve the quality of its brand or reach a greater market (Roberts, 2000, 164). However, the money required to pay the new employees has become hard to make and thus it is important for employers to reduce the recruitment rates for their companies in an effort to cope with the current market trends. Human Resourcing is very important to a company in different ways. One other manner through which it helps a company is in terms of assisting the organization in achieving both contemporary and future business needs. Human Resourcing incorporates the aspect of having employees carry out different activities in an effort to achieve the various goals that a company sets. One of the major needs that a company has both short term and long term is the attainment of a large profit margin. This is important for the company to bear the ability to maintain existing business assets and in an effort to obtain others for the eventual growth of the company. Businesses should underst and that this is attained by having personnel specialized in various fields that makes it easier for the management of the company to coordinate the activities of each person (Bloisi, 2007, 43). Human Resourcing is also important in that with a large number of personnel and the business products reaching out a great number of people, there are increased chances of investor opportunities in the business. In the contemporary environment and with the existing tough market, investors have started decreasing the amount of investments they make on companies that do not offer the required results. However, an increase in personnel and a larger network of workers ensures that not only the business provides quality products for the customers, but also that the products reach out to a larger community. A combination of both the quality and a large network of workers brings in new investors interested in the company and subsequently growth of the company is assured (Beardwell, Holden & Claydon , 2010, 127). Manufacturing jobs have had the greatest impact on the economy of many different countries. However, contemporary market trends have revealed that the service sector has began making more profits as

Social Media Is Retarding Our Communication Skills Essay Example for Free

Social Media Is Retarding Our Communication Skills Essay Social Media is Retarding our Communication Skills According to Cara Pring, writer and author of thesocialskinny. com, as of May, 2012, 62% of adults use some form of social media. If you observe any post secondary classroom before instruction begins, you’ll see the majority of students engrossed in some type of social media. We have become more comfortable engaging in the digital world than we are with the people right in front of us. Social media has allowed us to become more connected yet, potentially, more disconnected than ever before. Social media is creating a generation of â€Å"over-sharers†. This need to over share can also create a dangerous environment. We have become very comfortable telling the world things, which in years past, would have been considered private information. Facebook allows you to check in at a destination or share vacation photos in real time. While this need to over share can seem harmless, we are unwittingly telling sinister people that we are not home or maybe that we are home alone. We are slowly losing our ability to determine what information to keep private and what information to share. Social media is creating a false sense of connection and an atmosphere of friendship. According to Cara Pring, in 2012 Facebook had 845 million monthly active users and there was an average of 750 tweets made per second. We are doing a lot of communicating but are we really saying anything of value. The more â€Å"friends or followers† a person has the more popular they may feel. Unfortunately popularity does not equate to friendship. Social media only requires us to have surface relationships and does not require meaningful conversation. True friendship requires investing in a relationship through quality time with open and honest face-to-face communication. As a society we have come to value frequent communication rather than meaningful conversation. In an article written by Susan per Danko for Forbes magazine, about 7% of communication is based strictly on words while the other 93% is based on nonverbal communication, also known as body language. The words â€Å"I’m fine† may not always mean that everything is okay. Having the ability to hear and observe non-verbal cues allows you to understand more clearly the meaning behind the words. An email, text message or tweet can never really replace a telephone or face-to-face conversation that allows you to receive these nonverbal cues. Taking the time to build relationships through meaningful conversation will create friendships for lifetime instead of just acquaintances for today. Social media has created a generation with an addiction to over sharing, a need for popularity and a desire for constant communication. This ability to interact with other people 24/7 has driven us to simply share information rather than requiring us to develop relationships. We have moved away from social gatherings with face-to-face conversations in lieu of chat rooms and instant messaging. I do not look forward to the day when we will never have to physically interact with another human being.

Human Resource Management At Hyatt Hotels

Human Resource Management At Hyatt Hotels Hyatt Hotels Corporation is a global hospitality company with more than 434 properties around the world. The mission of the company is to Provide Authentic Hospitality. They incorporate this mission in everyday operations by focusing on the development of a relationship with associates, owners and customers. Hyatts business is conducted by its employees and officers, under the direction of the President and Chief Executive Officer and the oversight of the Board of Directors to enhance the long-term value of the Company for its stockholders. The Board of Directors is elected by the stockholders to oversee management and to assure that the long-term interests of the stockholders are being served. The Board recognizes that the long-term interests of stockholders are advanced by taking into consideration, as appropriate, the concerns of other stakeholders, including associates, guests, property owners, suppliers, the public and members of the communities in which Hyatt Hotels Corporation operates. History In 1957, Mr. Jay Pritzker purchased the Hyatt House Motel near Los Angeles Airport. This started the story of this large company that manages, owns and franchises over 434 hotels around the world. The Pritzker family converted the company into a public entity in 1962. In 1968, a new company known as Hyatt International was formed to take care of properties around the world apart from North America. Hyatt Corporation and Hyatt International merged into a single entity in 2004 forming the Hyatt Hotels Corporation. Mission, Goals and Values Hyatt defines that its mission is to Provide authentic Hospitality. They try to practice this in a way that respects all people and all ideas. The company is looking at Superior results by working in an efficient manner. The Goals of the company are to be considered the preferred brand in each of the segments they serve which include: Employees Guests (Customers) Owners (stockholders as well as third party property owners) These goals clearly state that the strategy of the company is based on its people apart from the basic need for a companys existence. This will be discussed in detail when speaking about the strategy model that best fits the hotel chain. The company claims to have certain values that are imperative in forming the culture as well as the strategies of the organization. These are mentioned below: Mutual Respect They are a people based company and believe in respecting ideas, thoughts and beliefs of others Listen well Verify Acknowledge Intellectual Honesty and Integrity Hyatt wants its employees to be loyal to the company which can form the basis of the culture of the company. Tell and accept the truth Honor your commitments Humility Hyatt does not believe in advertising loudly and gaudily. They expect the reputation of the company to be built on experience. Let actions speak for themselves Recognize the contributions of others Fun Hyatt tries to ensure that employees enjoy their workplace in order to ease the stress of the hospitalty industry. Dont take yourself too seriously Creativity and Innovation Hyatt promotes new ideas and concepts. They handle change well due to the following steps they use to promote innovation amongst employees. Challenge conventional wisdom Take action/risks Evaluate Strategy The word strategy, deriving from the Greek noun strategus, meaning commander in chief, was  ¬Ã‚ rst used in the English language in 1656. The development and usage of the word suggests that it is composed of stratos (army) and agein (to lead). In a management context, the word strategy has now replaced the more traditional term long-term planning to denote a speci ¬Ã‚ c pattern of decisions and actions undertaken by the upper echelon of the organization in order to accomplish performance goals (Bratton, 2005) Hyatt Hotel Corporation Strategy The mission and goals of the company are clear in the above diagrammatical representation. The policies of the company are based on fulfilling this mission of the company. The value chain given above shows the prioritization of the companys strategy. Hyatt believes in keeping the customer satisfied by fulfilling the customers needs and demands. Hyatt wants to be the preferred company for customers. This can be done through excellent service (smooth operations) which can be achieved only through engaged employees. Engagement of employees is defined by Hyatt as the experience of the employees through their career at the company. The more satisfied the employees are at the workplace, the more the engagement which leads to efficient work. Employee engagement can be improved when the company grows increasing the opportunities for the development of the team members. The performance of the hotels helps the company grow. And this performance is again determined by the customers who would prefer Hyatt over other hotels. This value chain developed by hyatt is the basis of formulation of policies for Human Resources, Marketing, Finance and Operations. Hyatt has developed its strengths by concentrating on the most important aspects of running a company. They are making sure all employees concentrate on developing the brand image by providing excellent service according to the standards set by the company. This can be done only when the employees are clear about the brand value and quality expected. Hyatt also makes it clear in its strategy to ensure the profitability of the company in order to maintain a steady growth cycle. They have included manpower development in their strategy and mentioned that people are the companys key assets and that the company strives to keep their employees satisfied and motivated at the workplace. Aligning the business strategy with Human Resources International Operations The International Human Resources Department is made up of team members that are located in the Corporate Office in Chicago, as well as Hyatts Divisional Offices in Zurich, Dubai and Hong Kong. Their collective goal is to drive the People Brand ensuring the provision of an authentic employee experience. The roles and responsibilities at the Corporate and Divisional level are focused on creating employee preference through Employee Engagement, Top Talent Management, Workforce Planning, Succession Planning, Training and Development, effective Human Resources systems and Competitive Total Rewards. The team in Chicago concentrates on the development and oversight of Human Resources strategy while the Divisional teams focus on strategy implementation as well as hotel pre-openings. Human resources strategies may be defined as the patterns of decisions by management formulating policies and procedures to design work and select, train and develop, appraise, motivate and control workers. Creating these models are appealing to academics as they can analyse various configurations or clusters of HR practices and develop and test theories with the help of conceptual models. (Bamberger Meshoulam, 2000) In theory, academics have proposed at least three different models on Human Resource Strategy. These models have been based on various methodologies and policies developed by organizations to align the Human Resource strategy with the company strategy. These models are Control Based Model where the management tries to control and monitor the role and performance of each employee; Resource Based Model where the concentration is based on the behavior and attitude of the employee and the manager subordinate relationship in the organization; The third model is a combination of the two above which integrates them in order to bring together the advantages of both.(Bratton, 2005) Hyatt and its Strategy Model After a careful study of the three models and analysis of Hyatts Human Resource Strategy, it can be derived that Hyatt uses the combination model which is an integration of the control based and resource based strategic models. More details and explanations are provided below. Hyatts strategy emphasizes on people being its key asset and concentration on the growth and development of the employees. This can be analysed to say that Hyatt concentrated on its employees needs to be fulfilled in order to achieve efficient work from the team members which leads to better results for the company. There is a mutual relationship between the employer and the employee focusing on the development of both. The table given below shows various Human Resource strategies adopted by companies based on the nature of the organisation and their requirments. The table states Human Resourse strategies for three components the behavior required from employees, long or short term focus of the company and the concern for quality in the organisation. These components are reviewed in terms of Innovation, quality enhancement and cost reduction. We can derive that the companys Human resource policies are based on the company strategy as per quality enhancement. Hyatt works out its Human resource strategies with an emphasis on quality enhancement. The job profile and description of the employees are mostly fixed with a particular set of tasks ad responsibilities, it has little or no scope for innovation or change depending on the level of responsibilty. The hotel industry operates with many Standard Operating Procedures and a carefully planned and fixed way to perform tasks. This leaves very little scope for change in an individuals job description. These job descriptions are extremely elaborate and detailed in order to keep the employees aware of what is expected of them, on a day to day basis as well as overall. Maintaining procedures and standards for operations ensures that the brand can provide consistent service around the globe making the customer feel comfortable in any hyatt hotel without any surprises. This strategy helps Hyatt keep its brand image. The appraisal system in the company is in place . They have an individual appraisal on a regular basis conducted by supervisors and managers but the team performance as well as the hotels overall performance is taken into consideration when offering incentives and salary hikes. The employees are made to feel comfortable in the organisation which is required due to inconsistent work hours and the need for motivated employees. This ensures the employee putting in his/her best effort to maintain the work ethic and follow the procedures in order to benefit the company and increase productivity. The Training and Development team of the hotels as well as the corporate offices are very elaborate and active as there is a need for extensive task as well as competency training for the employees. The training involves keeping the employees up to date with changing policies as well as ensuring that tasks are fulfilled as per the set standards. Constant coaching and emphasis on following SOPs maintain a low-risk environment whch is beneficial for the organisation. As discussed before, the human resource strategy of organisations have been classified into three different models- Control based, Resourse based an Integrative model which combines the other two. Hyatt follows the integratve model of Human resource Strategy. This is explained below with the help of many examples in terms of Selection policies, Training and development and other such strategies that the company implements. The Integrative model This model is a combination of two models, one based on managerial control in the organization and the other based on a reward-effort exchange. Bamberger and Meshoulam have labeled the conrol based model as locus of control and the resource based model as acquisition and development. Locus of control concentrates on monitoring the employees compliance with the standards and procedures set in place while acquisition and development is the strategies used to recruit the right candidates and then train and develop them in order for them to learn the processes and operations. These two main strategies of the organisation yield four different ideal types of dominant HR strategies. The table below signifies these four strategies and how they play a vital role in the alignment of Human Resource strategies with the Organizations strategy. These strategies as depicted in the table show the organizations Human Resource strategies based on acquiring and managing their employees. Hyatt follows the Paternalistic and Commitment strategies for recruitment as well as appraisals of employees. Hyatt believes in a strong training and development system therefore it ensures that after recruiting a candidate, it is imperative to keep the candidate off operations and in orientation for a week. They develop their employees according to the brand and standards that are meant to be followed. This is an illustration of the Paternalistic HR strategy. Hyatt also believes in regular appraisals and personal growth of the employee. Performance of the team is closely monitored by managers and supervisors to ensure the process being followed and the desired outcome being achieved. There is a strong emphasis on compliance of standard operating procedures which is monitored with individual employees and they are appraised on their efficiency as well as their productivity. Selection Process at Hyatt Hyatts selection process is done through interviews. The application (recruitment) is done with the help of an online tool named Taleo and shortlisted candidates are called in for interviews. There may be various rounds of interviews but the initial screening is done by the Human Resources department. Hyatt also has a training module meant for senior managers in Interviewing. This is to make sure that everyone is on the same page to select the perfect candidate and there are lesser conflicts. The training module also mentions other factors such as conduct during the interview, venue, interaction etc. Hyatt uses competencies as the foundation for the selection decision. The Selection Interviewing Module provides the people responsible for interviewing with the skills necessary to evaluate candidates using carefully developed behavioral and situational questions. This approach allows the interviewer to identify behaviors that demonstrate the personal skills, abilities and knowledge that make up the companys core and leadership competencies. Hyatt has a guide with instructions and techniques to conduct interviews. This guide mentions how the the employees shuld be marked in terms of competencies they possess. Hyatts core and leadership competencies used to select the right candidate are mentioned below: Definition of a Competency Competencies are behaviourally defined personal characteristics that are required by employees for effective performance. These personal characteristics may include, but are not limited to: knowledge, skills, and abilities. What top performers do more frequently or more effectively than other performers Leads to performance excellence Consistent with our direction and future business needs Hyatt Competencies Hyatts Core Competencies, for which they interview line applicants, are: Action Oriented Adaptability Communication Customer Focus/Quality Integrity Interpersonal Skills and Teamwork Time and Task Management the leadership competencies which are used for candidates applying for managerial positions are as follows Core competencies, plus: Change Management Commercial Awareness Decision Making Managing the Work of Others Motivating and Influencing Others Organisation Savvy People Development Problem Solving Strategic Orientation Hyatt tries to ensure that all their selected candidates either possess the above mentioned competencies or can be developed through training to fit in to the organization with the mentioned characteristics. The interviewers are supposed to grade the employees according to what they perceive from the candidate during the rounds of interviews. This fits in to the Hyatt strategy by ensuring that the right fit of people are employed keeping in check the overall mission of providing authentic hospitality. The competencies mentioned are characteristics required in employees to best match the manpower need of the company. The core competencies include a basic framework of the employees personality and how he or she will be able to adapt to the culture of the company. Hyatt requires peope who are proactive with good communication skills and can fit in to a team by working in coordination with others. Hyatt does not concentrate on the skill as much as the overall personality of the candidate as they have an extensive training and development module to teach the employees the standard operations. This is done through various extensive task training modules and sessions that are conducted for the employees. This is discussed further in detail below. Given below are evaluation sheets which are used to grade the inerviewee and compare the candidates to see who fits the job descriptions most accurately. This is a sample evaluation sheet for line candidates. As discussed earlier, the focus is not on skills that the candidate has, it is based on the compatability of the candidate in terms of the competencies required for the individual to fit in to the hotel and help achieve the organisations goal and increase productivity. Training and Development Training may become necessary in a hotel for a number of reasons, including: new Corporate Strategy, new business goals, other changes in the hotel, external changes in the local market, employee performance shortcomings, and many other factors. Identification of training needs is done by the Training department of the hotel based on the following factors: New computerization Organizational changes New procedures Changed business goals New product (e.g. restaurant.) New legislation in areas which impact employee involvement Specific need of a new client/organization/supplier New/increased competition. Sources of information to help identify training needs: Corporate Strategy Articulation Results from the Employee Opinion Survey Business Plan Observations of employees Questionnaires Interviews Performance Development Plans Guest Feedback and Comment Cards Competition visits Management Log Books Accident Reports Performance and Productivity Report Consumer Audit Report. Training at Hyatt is classified into two. Skill training and Attitude training. Skill training is handled by indivisual departments with the help of task breakdowns and rotational training sessions for the employees. The following factors will impact the degree to which Skills Training is a priority need: Competency levels of employees The rate of employee turnover Prior experience of employees Quality and quantity of Departmental Trainers Availability of time in which to train Maturity of established standards Degree of empowerment. The following is a Departmental training record form which is used as tool to observe and keep a check of the training being conducted in the department to help hone the skills of the employees. Department: Room Service Position: Waiter / Waitress Employee Name and Start Date Date and initials of Trainer: Who was the Trainer and when was task completed X: Trainee does not have to be taught the task Blank: Training not carried out yet Name and Start Date Tasks Kate 4/5/96 Brad 3/1/97 Tom 2/3/98 Jack 5/3/98 Mary 6/5/98 Hotel Orientation Day 1 JM 4/5/96 JM 3/1/97 JM 5/3/98 JM 6/5/98 Hotel Orientation Day 2 JM 5/5/96 JM 4/1/97 JM 6/3/98 JM 7/5/98 Departmental Orientation DM 5/5/96 DM 4/1/97 DM 2/3/98 DM 6/3/98 DM 7/5/98 Tray Set Up PP 6/5/96 PP 4/1/97 2/3/98 PP  ´ Answering the Telephone PP 6/5/96 PP 4/1/97 PP 2/3/98 PP 7/3/98 Folding Napkins NM 6/5/96 NM 4/1/97 NM 3/3/98 NM 7/3/98 Cleaning glasses NM 6/5/96 NM 4/1/97 NM 3/3/98 NM 7/3/98 Coffee/Tea set up NM 6/5/96 NM 4/1/97 NM 3/3/98 NM 7/3/98 Learning about DND PP 7/5/96 PP 5/1/97 PP 6/3/98 PP 8/3/98 Cleaning floors PP 7/5/96 PP 5/1/97 PP 6/3/98 PP 8/3/98 Set up of breakdown area RM 7/5/96 RM 6/1/97 RM 6/3/98 RM 8/3/98 Clearing breakdown area RM 7/5/96 RM 6/1/97 RM 6/3/98 RM 8/3/98 Depositing soiled equipment RM 7/5/96 RM 8/3/98 Storing clean equipment RM 7/5/96 RM 7/1/97 RM 6/3/98 RM 9/3/98 Polishing silver  ´ RM 7/1/97 RM 6/3/98  ´ Reading a docket RM 7/5/96 RM 8/1/97 RM 9/3/98 This document is imperative to ensure that the employees are being trained well in their day to day tasks so they are able to increase productivity in the hotel by following standards and doing their jobs the way they are supposed to. This is aligned to the strategy of the hotel by developing the emplyees to enhance efficiency and performance. Attitude Training is required to communicate the values, attitudes and behavior expected by the hotel/company. Examples of Attitude Training: Grooming standards Telephone techniques Dealing with guest complaints Principles of Upselling Exceeding Guest Expectations This may be impacted by the following factors: Local culture Rate of employee turnover Degree of motivation Length of service Age of employees Union relations/activity Interdepartmental/hotel transfers Repositioning of hotel standards Local unemployment How competitive the hotel market is. As discussed above, Hyatt believes in the paternalistic approach to Human Resource strategy by conducting extensive training and developing the personnel to become Hyattians as well as learn the day to day tasks. The objective of this extensive training is to finally achieve the companys goal of satisfied customers and increased financial performance. Performance Development and appraisals Hyatt International Operations approach to Performance Development (formerly Performance Appraisal and renamed to reflect the positive, forward-looking aspect of this process) is part of the companys continued commitment to the implementation of Human Resources Programs that put into action  The People Philosophy, which builds on our Values, culture  and competencies, all of which help to build consistent Human Resources programs and practices.   Relative Importance of Each Competency to Specific Job Titles The Performance Development Plan Evaluates the employees performance in each competency and space has therefore been provided alongside each competency to indicate whether the competency is of low, medium, or high importance to the specific job held by the employee: Low   where the competency is not critical to the job (although it could still be important as part of the employees overall personal development plan). Medium   where the competency is important to the job, but other competencies may be more important, and High   where the competency is crucial to the job The Relative Importance will not vary from year to year where the employee is in the same position. However, it will vary considerably between different positions. Six Month Review Hyatt International Operations recommends a Six Month Review as a best practice in employee Performance Development. Formally reviewing an employees performance on a six month basis has the following advantages: It demonstrates to employees our ongoing commitment to their personal development, and reinforces the principles of The People Philosophy It allows for adjustments in the employees personal development goals in real time and not too long after the event It increases the opportunity for dialogue between an employee and his/her manager a powerful way to improve employee communication. A sample performance development form is shown below. This form shows the