Compare Secret Life of Walter Mitty and The poor relation Essay Example for Free

Comp atomic number 18 Secret Life of Walter Mitty and The poor relation EssayIn this assignment I am going to write closely the differences and similarities of two shot stories. The first story I am writing close is called The Secret Life of Walter Mitty it was written in the late1930s by the author James Thurber. The second story is called The Poor Relations Story it was written around 1850 by Charles Dickens.The connections between the two stories are that they are both short but also they have the same topic. They are both about escapists, sight who ambition. The first story called The Secret Life Of Walter Mitty is about a man called Mitty, and it follows him through a normal sidereal solar day. I get the impression that he is in his mid-fifties because his wife has to tell him to get a check up and that he is no longer a young man. He does not work and as no real skills, actually he is quite a pathetic man that spends his days running around after his dominant wife. Mitty has a special difficulty in mechanical living and in most of his dreams he fantasises about being an expert in complicated machinery i.e. operating theatre machinery and jet planes. Even when his wife pick uped him to put nose candy chains on the car he got it wrong and she now fuck offs him take it to the store.I think Mitty is a very light headed man and never truly got anywhere in deportment because different people just pushed him aside. For example when his wife tells him to put his gdears on he does not argue or serve well back but puts them straight on although he does not want to. In the space of a couple of hours in which the story is set Mitty slips in and out of reality and fantasy and the dreams al flairs seem to have a connection with something he passes in the street or remembers. Like when he passes the hospital he goes into a dream about being a specialists doctor that saves the life of an important millionaire banker. That shows how easily he can just forget where he is or what he is doing.Walter Mittys wife is a very domineering person and seems to have a lot of control over Mitty I have been look all over this hotel for you, why do you have to hide in this old chair, how do you expect me to find you. I think Mitty is a very privet person, as he does not talk much, only a few lines to his wife are said. His wife treats him like a little child that is wholly dependant on other people, she has to tell him to put on his gloves, buy overshoes and get a check up. She doesnt trust him anymore to do the simplest procedure as to put snow chains on the tyres that she tells him to go to the garage. This is a humiliating experience for Mitty because when he drops the car off the other men at the garage laugh at him, he says that Ill wear my right arm in a sling next time they wont grin at me then.He obviously knows that people are laughing and mocking him but cant do much about it. Just walking down the street can be ill fated fo r Mitty as he slips in to a daydream and starts talking to him self. Puppy biscuits That man said Puppy biscuits. I think you could call Mitty unlucky and accident-pr one and only(a) by all the minor incidents that take place in this short story. They are mainly to do with his day dreaming which keep him very interested and a panache from reality. They seem to make up for the lack of excitement or human attention that he gets. In all of his fantasise he is the gun of the situation and praise is all around him. The first dream is about him being a pilot of a naval hydroplane, he is in control and he seems to save the day some how.That is the opening of the story and we do not know it is a dream until he is interrupted by his wife telling him to slow down. The second dream is about him being an expert doctor and d saving the day by fixing the operating machine simply with his fountain pen and then saving the life of some important millionaire. The third dream is in a courtroom and M itty is on trial for shooting somebody, apparently he can shoot any gun from a distance with both pass on and still be on target. The forth dream is set in the heart of a vigorous war and Mitty offers to fly a two-manned plane alone, people are trying to stop him but his wants to save the day. The fifth dream is at the end of the story and its Mitty getting executed by a electric discharge squad. He takes a long pull of his cigar and dies with honour. IEverything in Mittys dreams seem to be what he wants to be like but never will. In four of the dreams it describes how he is good at machines which in real life is far from the truth. He comes across as being healthy and macho but in real life he needs a doctors check up and cant even put on snow chains. As a hero he is obviously respected and looked up to by fellow companions but also women. In one fantasy a lovely dark haired young woman comes running into his arms which of course in the real world would never happen. The only w oman that would look at Mitty in such a way is his wife, and she is restricting, bossy and annoying. In Mittys dreams though he can do what he wants and there is no one to restricted him.Sometimes when Mitty dreams he starts believing in them and acts them out in real life. Like at the beginning of the story when he dreams of being a naval pilot he starts speeding in his car and his wife has to tell him to slow down. And at the end of the story when he waiting for his wife to come out of the drug store he believes that he is standing in front of the firing squad. He stood up against the wall of the drugstore, smoking Mitty acts like a little child playing make believe games and a I think that is what other people treat him. Especially with the name Mitty you cant take him too seriously. Write more about how much he believes in themThe second short story called The Poor Relation it is similar to the Walter Mitty story in such a way that they are both about escapists but it is still v ery different story. The Poor Relation is set at a Family Christmas Party where the poor relation (Michael) tells the other guest two very different stories about his way of living.The first story that Michael portrays to the family members is a description of what he thinks the rest of the family thinks of him. Perhaps before I go any further, I had better glance at what I am supposed to be. This first story is very negative about Michaels way of life and he tells the other guests at how pathetic and useless he is. That I failed in in business because I was unbusiness likeThat I failed in love, because. He goes on to relate a normal day for him and describes where he lives, both of which have not much happiness in them.The only shred of gladness or worth while belonging for Michael is his little second cousin hound. Little Frank and I go and look at the outside of the commemoration -he is very fond of the monument- and the bridges. When he dies, he says that the only item worth anything to him is a picture of him as a small boy. This he wants given to Frank along with a small message of which he tells how sorry he is for leaving him. He finishes that description of his life on a sour bank bill by saying I failed to find a place in this great assembly, I am better of out of it.Quickly after last that story he clears his throat and starts to speak louder. Such is the general impression about me. Now, it is a remarkable circumstance which forms aim and purpose to my story, that this is all wrong. He starts to tell the probably slightly shocked guests, of how this first explanation of his life was a fad, totally unreal. This second story has much more life to it and tells how he once lived with his cold mean but rich uncle in a castle. He used to come down each morning in the freezing cold to be greeted with the same breakfast in the long stone room.When his uncle Chill died Michael automatically inherited his wealth and castle, but Michael fell in love wi th someone who his uncle disagreed of. His uncle tells him that no longer is he initialled to his money if he marries Christina, so Michael leaves his uncle with his new wife and they start a happy life together. He describes of how where he lives now he does not know what loneliness is, as all his children or grand children are always about, and Little Frank regularly visits.As it turns out this second story is a total lie and the first story that we were told is the truth.Michael is the kind of person that could be lead in the wrong vigilance easily because all his misfortunes are the result of other people letting him down, so he is easily taken advantage of. That I failed in love, because I was ridiculously trustful- in thinking it impossible that Christina could deceive me. What makes Michael a loser or inadequate in some ways is the loss in his life. At the moment he is fifty-nine years old and is living in a small room that he must evacuate during the day. He survives on a s mall allowance that John the party host generously gives him.The three main things that turned his life was the loss of his inheritance from his uncle, which was due to him move in love with Christina who only wanted him for his money. And the loss of his business. That shows how most people treat him, no one seems to have much time for him Sometimes one of my relations or acquaintance is so obliging as t ask me to dinner. Those are on holiday occasions. Out of the whole year he is only invited to dinner about twice or three times. His family know that he is poor, and at holiday time they probably feel that they have to ask him, it is not about wanting him to come.Unlike Mitty I think that Michaels misfortune is mainly his own fault, he cant see deeper than appearance and doesnt know what people think of him, thats how Christina took advantage of him and he cannot see that his relations dont really want him about.Michael dream life is a description of how he would like his real lif e to be because everything that has gone wrong for him is perfect in his dream. . I think he now realises why so many things went wrong for him but realises that it is a bit late in is life for much to go write in the way that he talks about dying.

Important Element in the Story Essay Example for Free

Important Element in the Story EssayIn the two short stories, detailed Things by Carver and The End of Something by Hemingway, both authors make the title significant to the tommyrots message. The title Little Things is somewhat ironic in that the word unforesightful could preserve to the baby or could in fact be calling their argument petty, horizontal though the kid that they argon fighting over is a major issue. This irony is significant to the theme beca drug abuse even though the parents appear passionate ab discover their infant, the argument clearly lies deeper. The title The End of Something could as well refer to a number of things.In this story slicey things are coming to an send away. The end of the mill and the town at Hortons Bay, the end of dent and Marjories relationship, the end of their fish trips and the end of their day. Both stories are or so the end of relationships however, in Little Things the breakup is angry and violent whereas in The End of Something the breakup is shut up and brief. The story Little Things is about the violent breakup of two parents. It is implied that they are married but Carver does non explicitly state this.The opening paragraph describes the brave and the time of day, which reflects the witticism of the piece, the darkness of the even mirroring the dark mood inside the house, it was getting dark. But it was getting dark on the inside too. This shows that although the mood was dark, it was non completely pitch black outside implying that there may still be a slight glimmer of hope for the young pas de deux that is before long introduced. As the fight and the emotions become more(prenominal)(prenominal) reckless and brutal the light begins to fade, showing that all hope is lost.The characters in the story are not named. This gives their dilemma a deeper sense of urgency and immediacy. This is used to great effect as when we first meet the firearm and women, the absence of names throws us directly into the middle(a) of their quarrel. In this piece there is no need to build up the characters with a descriptive foreplay as it is not important to the story, making it more urgent. However in The End of Something we feel more sympathy for the characters as we have learned about them in more detail.From the line he was in the bedroom take the fielding clothes into a suitcase when she came through the door, we can deduce from the subtext that these people are in some kind of long-term relationship, and the number line of the same paragraph draws attention to the fact that they are having a heated argument. It is extremely common that in short stories a lot of learning is insinuated rather than being clearly stated and so the reader must draw a meaning from the subtext. The woman is the first to speak.Carver does not use speech marks at all during the story in order to draw more immediacy to the article. The first line of speech Im glad youre departure Im glad youre lea ving Do you hear? shows that although the woman appears to be angry at her partner and glad that he is moving out it is easily renowned that she in fact feels exactly the opposite. This is illustrated by the repetition of the line Im glad youre leaving showing that she is trying to reassure herself that she doesnt need him. This shows irony.The woman continues to barrage the man with slurs, son of a bitch, obviously in an attempt to provoke his attention and convince him to stay. When she states you cant even look me in the face can you? it is blatantly obvious that the man has had some kind of affair. The woman fails in catching the mans attention and therefore when she spies the babys picture on the bed she takes it, out of spite. The man follows her round off the bedroom light as he leaves symbolising the end of their relationship, looked around the bedroom before turning off the light. The baby is also not named showing that although it is the child that they are fighting ov er, the difference of opinion about more and the baby is merely a pawn in their game of spite or revenge. The man states I want the baby. This immediately provokes maternal instincts from the mother who rushes to throttle her child. The infant is continuously referred to as the baby or this baby showing that their child is solely an object that the couple are focusing their anger on. The mans request for the baby is not because he necessarily wants the child from love but more because he sees it as a prize that he can win over the woman.Gradually their battle becomes more physical and violent as the man tries to take that baby from the woman, in the scuffle they knocked down a flowerpot. The baby senses the tension in the room and starts to cry which adds to the anxiety and desperation in the mood of the text, the baby had begun to cry. Throughout the rest of the story Carver intensifies the atmosphere by using urgent and effective words such as screaming, red faced, gripped an d hurting.Nearing the end of the story the light is involved again, the kitchen window gave no light, this line exemplifies that there was no hope left for the couple and the baby. The lines become shorter to add to the fierce battle that the couple is low-down. The man and the woman both grab the child and pull it in different directions in a hope that one will delight but we do not know the victor. The last line in this manner the issue was decided, leaves us pondering a number of possible out comes.The man or the woman may have succeeded in snatching the infant for themselves or they may have pulled their baby in two. If so the story appears to be a parody of the biblical story The Two Women and Solomon, in which a man offers to cut a baby in half to settle a quarrel between two woman as to who the mother of the baby is. In this story we are left with an ambiguous end. It is very common in short stories that the resolution of the story is left undecided, again leaving the reade r to make their own conclusion from the clues given.The second short story The End of Something is also about the end of a relationship, however it is handled in a calmer and less violent manner. The first paragraph sets the scene of a calm deserted bay, formerly a busy lumbering town, now reduced to a citizen-free ghost town. The couple, Nick and Marjorie, are rowing through this bay in a calm fashion they were trolling along the edge of the channel bank, but they soon head towards dark water which shows that they are heading towards trouble.They are rowing noiselessly until Marjorie breaks the silence and begins to talk about the old mill on the shore, describing it as our old ruin this shows that their relationship stretches back a long way. Nick answers unenthusiastically. Marjorie tries to custody up the conversation describing it as a castle, which shows that she sees their ruin in a fairy-tale manner. However Nick is still distant which makes Marjorie have to work hard to keep their conversation alive. Marjorie appears to love everything about their fishing trips.She obviously loves Nick very much and is enjoying spending time with him, She loved to fish. She loved to fish with Nick. Clearly Nick is quite qualified at fishing and Marjorie tries to make him feel good by putting him in charge and asking him questions to boost his ego, Theyre feeding, Marjorie said. But they routine strike, Nick said. By this Nick means that he will not strike that night. The couple carries out their actions of fishing with scarce communication and we can prove that something is clearly upsetting Nick as Marjorie is trying to provoke conversation but to no avail.When Marjorie questions Nick Whats the matter Nick? he replies I dont know. The couple set out a picnic on the beach but we can tell that Nick is merely going through the motions as he says I dont feel like eating and all it takes is one line from Marjorie and he agrees. They eat silently until finally Nic k breaks the tension. Theres going to be a moon tonight, but when Marjorie agrees Nick becomes angry as if he was waiting for anything to release the pent up emotions held inside.Marjorie tries to divert the conversation from an argument and begins to talk about the moon. As in Little Things, the weather and setting play a part in describing the mood of the piece. The moon could represent chastity, coldness or even the passing of time. Silence follows and they do not touch each other until Marjorie ventures to ask Nick Whats really the matter? Marjorie is desperately trying to make their evening enjoyable and romantic but Nick is making it extremely difficult.Nick tries to avoid the question until he starts to explain that it wasnt fun any more and that he was mixed up inside. I feel as though everything was gone to hell inside of me, the use of the word was instead of is shows that he is confused and suffering a confidence crisis. Marjorie is evidently shocked as she barely speaks except to say isnt love any fun? which is swiftly followed by an answer from Nick, no. Unlike in Little Things, there is no major battle about to be released, instead Marjorie leaves calmly, dignity intact, in the boat.Nick offers to help push the boat out, which shows that he still cares for her, but is refused. When Marjorie leaves Nick lies on the blanket for a long time until mysteriously a new character named government note emerges from the woods. carte du jour is a curious character. Obviously he is related to Bill in some way and Hemingway makes his sexuality and Nicks dubious when we read the line Bill didnt touch him either. Bill appears as insensitive when he barrages Nick with questions about his extremely recent breakup, provoking Nick to lash out and tell him to leave.This story again is left at a loose end. We are left questioning the sexuality of Bill and Nick. It is implied that Nick and Bill were in a sapphic relationship together. This would explain Bills presence hiding in the wood and the fact that it states Bill didnt touch him either. The last line shows that Bill has replaced Marjorie because Bill walks over to sort out the fishing rods which was previously Marjories job. However, Nick appears to be insecure about his choice to be gay, as we can see from the fact that he tells Bill to go away.Bill has clearly pressured Nick into breaking up with Marjorie, as we can see from the list of questions he asks and his quick appearance from the wood. Both the short stories are about the breakup of relationships but under different circumstances. As always in a short story the reader is left thinking many things from one brief text. All short stories consist of and introduction, a main conflict, a resolution and a conclusion. In Little Things the conclusion was the questionable shoemakers last of the child. In The End of Something the conclusion was the appearance of Bill and the question of Nicks sexuality.

Different Power Factor Correction Engineering Essay

Different Power cipher in Correction Engineering EssayDifferent creator- constituent chastening methods atomic number 18 reviewed, as well as the back cause to the advocator-factor. Problem is a boost in modern galvanizing distribution brasss due to the connection of rapidly increase numbers of non-linear electronic loads. The basic principles of concordant generation and demarcation line in motive clays be first discussed. The main(prenominal) part presents a critical review of commonly apply major king-factor correction techniques that have been identified in a literary productions review, and game stand downs the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques. After the analysis of methods and their working principles, the development of the most promising systems such as the boost-type PFC convertors is considered. Fin exclusivelyy, a project plan is proposed for the next phase of the dissertation work. This will involve investigating the operation, fig hting(a) control and process of the most promising systems by conducting a theoretical study and reach up and rails play a number of simulation perplexs using the MATLAB/SIMULINK softw ar tools.Key-words Power factor correction, sympathetic mitigation, PFC convertersContentsList of Abbreviations and Principle SymbolsAbbreviationsAC Alternating CurrentAPF Active Power leachCCM Continuous Conduction ModeDC Direct CurrentDCM Discontinuous Conduction ModeDF torment FactorFFT Fast-Fourier analysisIGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar TransistorPF Power FactorPFC Power Factor CorrectionPWM Pulse Width ModulationRMS settle Mean Squ areTHD Total Harmonic DistortionTDD Total Demand DistortionPrinciple SymbolsPower FactorDistortion FactorDisplacement Factorh Harmonic contentsRMS apprize of the line- authoritative vestigial personaRMS value of the line- circulating(prenominal) openhearted componentsTotal RMS value of the line- oc menstruation1. IntroductionIt is now clearly visible from a ctor systems journals and general literatures that precedent-factor correction is now an in-chief(postnominal) research topic in the precedent systems area. As non-linear world-beater electronic systems are progressively being attached to indicator systems in massiveer quantities as well as capacities for such applications as world agency quality control, adjustable speed drives, uninterruptible advocator supplies, renewable energy- informant interfacing, and so on 1 2. The power quality regulators of those systems are loftyly concerned now, because some of their drawbacks, such as kindlys generation and bring down power factor can pervert their advantages 3. Power electronic systems are effective because their high efficiency and rapidly adjustable output. However, when processing and controlling the infix electric energy suitable for users 4, power electronic systems often lick at a low power-factor, and that whitethorn cause serious problems to power system opera tors by reducing distribution component RMS authentic capacity and to other(a) users on the same network by distorting the sinusoidal grant voltage seen by other user connected at the same point of common coupling as a heavy electronic or power electronic load.. Of all power line rackets, charitables are probably the most serious one for power users because they exist under steady state conditions.This literature review considers sympathetic generation prediction of power electronic systems and examines the effectiveness of harmonic mitigation methods. The boost-type power factor correction converters will be walk outn as the core power factor correction method for future research. The existing publications arising from research in this area and their conclusions have set a good foundation for this report. Results in this report will be based on a theoretical study and simulation studies using software MATLAB/SIMULINK power-factor correction system models which be develope d.2. BackgroundThis section provides discussion on the complete principles of power-factor correction, including definitions of power-factor terms and a consideration of the common standards which affect how harmonics controlled in power system. Also, the harmonic generation prediction of predilectionl power electronic systems is discussed at the end of this section2.1 Important definitions and objective of power-factor correctionThe power factor (PF) is the ratio of the real power to the apparent power 5 and gives a measure of AC supply utilization on how efficient that the energy is supplied and can be converted into effective work output. The definition of power factor is as shown beneath(2.1)In the definition, the value of the power factor is ever so between 0 and 1, and can be either inductive or capacitive. That means average power is always lower than apparent power. The reason is harmonic components and phase-displacement angle,.Hence, the power factor equivalent can be described as at a lower place(2.2)is termed the (current) distorted shape factor (DF) and represent the harmonic components in the current and relative to wave shape 6. DF is defined as the ratio of the fundamental current component to the RMS current value 4.is termed the displacement factor and defined as the current and voltage waveform phase angle 6. Displacement factor has accordance value for in-phase current and voltage. The accession of displacement angle will cause larger re alive(p) current in the power system 4.Hence, the objective of power-factor correction is to decrease the current contortion or harmonic content and increase the displacement factor or bring the current in phase with the voltage. The closer power factor is to the unity value, the higher efficiency and lower energy loss. And the power system will operate at a lower supply voltage.Another commonly utilise index for measuring the harmonic content of a waveform applied for current aberrance level is total harmonic distortion, THD. THD is the distortion current as a percentage of the fundamental current. The equation of THD is given byor (2.3)In AC supply utilizations, power factor,, can be expressed in terms of THD and the displacement factor(2.4)With these equations, it is easy to see that high THD leads to low power factor and even damaging of the power network. THD and power factor will be apply in concert in the following work as important index in measuring achievement of the harmonic mitigation techniques.2.2 set up and limitation of harmonic distortion on power systemIn any power conversion process, to obtain high efficiency and low power loss are important for two reasons the price of the wasted energy and the difficulty in removing the heat generated due to dissipated energy 4. The performance of power output efficient is defined by several factors. The power factor and harmonic distortion are the most important ones.References 8 9 show the main issues of harmoni cs at bottom the power system include the possibility of them exciting series and parallel rings which cause a further increase of harmonic levels, low efficiency caused in generation, transmission, and utilization of electric energy, increasing thermal losses in the electrical components and shortening their useful life and causing malfunction of motors and other components in the power system.Those effects can be divided into three general categories Thermal stress, Insulation stress and Load disruption 10. Those represent effects on increasing equipment losses and thermal losses, increased value of current drawn from the power system and insulation stress and failure to action and malfunction of some electrical devices and systems.The IEEE Standard 519-1992 recommended harmonic current limits with an additional factor, TDD. This is very same as THD except the distortion factor is expressed by load current instead of fundamental current magnitude 11. Hence, the equation of TDD is given by(2.5)Therefore, IEEE Standard 519-1992 limitation for harmonic current in power system expressed with TDD is shown beneathMaximum harmonic current distortion in percent ofIndividual harmonic order (Odd harmonics)TDD4.02.01.50.60.35.0207.03.52.51.00.58.05010.04.54.01.50.712.010012.05.55.02.01.015.0100015.07.06.02.51.420.0Even harmonics are especial(a) to 25% of the odd harmonics limits above.Table 2.1 IEEE 519-1992 Standard for harmonic current limits 12.Also, there are limitations for power system harmonic voltage and power factor regulation, ilk IEC 61000-3-2 standard. The methods for power factor correction should not cause disturbances for other aspects of performance.2.3 Harmonics generation in power electronic systemsPower electronic systems may naturally operate at low power-factor due to large harmonic generation and phase shifting in controlled devices like controlled rectifiers. Understanding characteristics of the harmonic current is essential for harmonic mi tigation research. Based on the form on the two sides, converters can be divided into four categories 4 including1. AC to DC (rectifier)2. DC to AC (inverter)3. DC to DC4. AC to ACPower electronic systems always draw high quality of low frequence harmonic current from the utility and indeed cause problems for other users. Take an ideal single-phase semiconductor diode bridge rectifier as example, the total harmonic distortion can be up to 48.43% 4 and the 3rd harmonic current can be as large as one third of the fundamental current. If a non-linear load is considered, the displacement factor will attend down from unity value and cause a decrease of power factor. This is surely over the harmonic standards limitation and needs to be corrected.Theoretically, Rectifiers and choppers output DC and draw a fundamental AC source current and large low frequency harmonic content. On the other hand, inverters output low frequency AC and supply fundamental current and harmonic content usuall y at higher frequency. Harmonic contents can be reduced by harmonic mitigation techniques and hence increase power factor.Take Fourier analysis result diagram of single-phase diode bridge rectifier and PWM control Buck converter as example.(a) (b)Figure 2.1 Fourier analysis diagram for input current of (a) single-phase diode bridge rectifier and (b) PWM control Buck converter.2.4 Software tools for harmonic mitigation evaluationTo pervadeing harmonic current in the power system, the frequency of harmonic contents is essential. However, in practice, the harmonic frequency is not absolutely equal to the theoretical value and that makes analysis of harmonic frequencies very difficult. The reason is stray inductance and capacitance in the system and reverse recovery time and forward voltage drop of non-ideal devices 1. To analyze harmonic contents, appropriate software can be helpful. In this project, the software chosen to help analyzing harmonic current drawn by power electronic syst ems is MATLAB/SIMULINK. fetching the three-phase diode bridge rectifier as an example, a simulation model can be established as shown at a lower place. In the model, a three-phase 50Hz AC power supply is used for a resistive load and most devices are not ideal. The model is followed by the diagram of input current waveform and frequency spectrum of AC input current. Values of each order harmonic content and total THD are given by Fast-Fourier (FFT) analysis in powergui analysis tools. With the help of Fourier analysis, the performance of harmonic mitigation techniques can be evaluated and compared quickly.Figure 2.2 Simulation model for three-phase diode bridge rectifier.Figure 2.3 Waveform of rectifier input current (phase A).Figure 2.4 frequence spectra of AC input current of three-phase rectifier.3. Power Factor Correction TechniquesAfter tens of years developing and up(p), various types of power factor correction techniques or harmonic mitigation techniques can be chosen to s olve power factor problem. Those techniques can be divided into five categories 11 13 as shown below1. passive permeatesPassive filters can improve power factor with low cost and reduce high frequency harmonics effectively. However, they are always in large size and cannot castrate flexibly with system changes 4 14. If tuning reactors are not used, parallel plangency may occur in operation 15.2. Active filtersActive filters improve power factor and provide stable output even under varying supply condition, and reduce harmonics in the output current effectively and efficiently 4 16. These, however, always requires much higher cost and the harmonic currents they injected may flow into other system components 13 14.3. Hybrid systemsHybrid quick filters combine quick and passive filters together in various forms 17. Hence they can reduce initial and running costs and improve performance of the filter 11 13. Smaller filter inductor, smaller dimension, light weight and interrupt fi lter performance hybrid system take advantages of both passive and alert filters 18. However, the complexness of operation is the main drawback of hybrid systems.4. var. multiplicationIncreasing the pulse number of power converters can raise the lowest harmonic order generated by the converter 2. Typically, 6-pulse converter has the lowest harmonic order of 5 1. When rising pulse number to 12, the lowest harmonic order can increase to 11. As value of harmonic current are ideally proportional to fundamental current value 4, the amount distortion of the power system can de reduce to a low level. On the other hand, the effectiveness of this technique is based on balanced load 13 which rarely happens in practice.5. PWMPWM converters have much better performance compared to traditional converters like diode rectifiers and square-wave control inverters 4. As a control strategy improvement, PWM harmonic mitigation technique can even used with some devices for traditional converters and h ence get broad application prospect 11. However, the topology complexity and difficult on designing controllers 19 makes the use of PWM is limited.The objective of these techniques is to make the input current nearly a pure sinusoidal waveform and hence to improve the power factor in electrical supply system. All these five techniques are discussed separately in the following work.3.1 Passive filtersPassive filters have widelyly been used to absorb harmonics generated by the power electronic systems, primarily due to their simplicity, low cost and high efficiency 20. Passive filters are always consists inductors, capacitors and damping resistors 21. The objective of the passive filter is to stop the flow of the harmonic current from disturbing power system, either by preventing them with the usage of series filters or diverting them to a shunt path 9 11. That is the different between series filter and shunt filter, too.Series filters can be tuned LC system or only a single inductor in the system. Parallel inductance and capacitance are tuned to provide low impedance for fundamental frequency current and high impedance for a selected frequency current, always high level harmonic current. The series tuned filters are simple and reliable to use. The traffic circle configuration can be shown as below.Figure 3.1 Series LC tuned filter.The series tuned filters are always used as input filter for power electronic systems. However, a big drawback limits the using. If the series tuned filter is used in a VSI system as the input filter for the inverter, several order harmonic current need to be filtered, 5th, 7th, and so on. Each order harmonic current required an individual filter, and hence the size of the system can be intolerable.On the other hand, shunt filter have much more types including shunt-tuned filter, double-band pass filter and 1st, 2nd and 3rd -order damped filters. Also, broadband filters are good solution for filtering wide range of harmonics 22. The circuit configurations of these widely used passive filters are like shown below.(a) (b) (c) (d)Figure 3.2 Typical harmonic filters (a) Single-tuned filter (b) Double tuned filter(c) High-pass parallel filter (d) C-type high-pass filter 5 27.A few single tuned filters cope with large level harmonic contents and a high-pass (2nd order) filter filtering high frequency harmonics is the typical model for shunt passive filters and can get better characteristic than series filters 24. Take the single tuned filter as example, single-tuned filter also called the band-pass filter as only a selected frequency of current can pass in low impedance. The tuning frequency of the single-tuned filter could be(3.1)And at this frequency, the impedance of the filter is(3.2)where s is the Laplace operator, L represents value of inductance and C represents the capacitance value.However, mostly passive filters can only filtering 30% of harmonic current in the power system 23 and can not match IEEE 519-19 92 standard well. Even the broadband filter, which can filter a range of harmonic contents and reduce system THD to approximately 10%, the resonance caused by the filter and the big size of inductor and capacitor still limit the usage of the filter.So we can get the list of advantages and disadvantages for passive filters shown in table 3.1.AdvantagesDisadvantagesEffectively for filtering high frequency harmonicsLow availability for low frequency harmonic filteringVery low cost and reliableBulky devices and inflexible devices parametersSimple structureIndividual branch is necessary for each dominant harmonics in the systemHigh probability resonanceTable 3.1 List of passive filter performances 4 14 25 29.3.2 Active power filters (APF)The basic idea of an energetic filter is to compensate current or voltage disturbance so as to reduce the reactive power electronic systems drawn from the power system 23. The active filters using in power system are not the same as what we use in elect ronic circuits. The active filters conventional means combined operational amplifiers and passive components like inductors and capacitors, and always been used in electronic circuits operating under low voltage. That is the beginning of the active stipend applications and came out earlier than active filters using in power systems. The active filters which are used in power system for active power compensation and harmonic compensation are always called Active Power Filter (APF) 30. The active in APF means the filters are act as power sources or generators and provide compensation currents which have opposite phase angle with the harmonic currents in power system 30. Similarity between electronic circuit active filters and power system active filters are the requirement of external power supply. The active filters which are talked in the following parts are all means APF.With the active power filters, the compensation for reactive power and for harmonic current can de done at the same time, hence efficiency on harmonic compensation and also dynamic response are all be improved 23. The trend of active power filters began in 1970s and was introduced by Mr. Akagi. The incentive for active filters is the inductor is not appropriate to use under high frequency, so the trend is to replace the inductor with active components. As the harmonic contents in the power system various frequently, fast response of active filters required a good control strategy to make active filters smarter and faster. But more complex devices and sophisticated control strategy are required, that all makes active filters more expensive and hard to use 26.Active filters can also be classified by converter type as shunt-type active filters and series-type active filters. The diagrams of two basic types of active filters are shown below. The other way to classify active filters is the phase number of filters which will be discussed later.(a) (b)Figure 3.3 Diagrams of (a) Shunt-type active fi lter and (b) Series-type active filter 11 28.Series active filters are good at compensate voltage harmonics and capacitive, voltage-source loads. When applied to an inductive or current-source load, a low impedance parallel branch is necessary. Similarly, shunt active filters are always used with inductive, current-source loads and high current distortion conditions. Sometimes over current condition occurs with the use of shunt-type active filters 31.Typical working principle of the active power filter is1. Detection.The sensor detects the waveform of the instantaneous load current and feedback to the controller, which is typically a digital processing block.2. Analysis.Load current is always high distortion current including fundamental current and many orders of harmonic current. The processor must(prenominal) distinguish the fundamental current with the harmonic currents and give out the information including frequency, value, and phase angle of harmonic contents, so as to cont rol the power source inverter providing opposite phase current of harmonic current.3. Compensation.The power source inverter draws current from individual DC voltage supply and converting to required current to cancel harmonic currents. Like the diagram shown below.Figure 3.4 Diagram of compensation characteristics 31.Hence, we can draw a conclusion of advantages and disadvantages of active power filters shown in the table below.AdvantagesDisadvantagesHigh compensation efficiency and high ability on harmonic compensationLow reliability with sophisticated control system and devicesSmall size componentsDifficult to have a large rated current source with a rapid currentFast action on harmonic current variation makes good dynamic responseHigh initial costs and running costsNo resonance causingComplex control strategy and controllers are necessary capable for widely supply and load conditions, like unbalanced power supplyTable 3.2 List of active power filter performances 13 22 30 31.3.3 Hybrid systemsHybrid filters comes from the idea to combine the advantages of both passive filters and active filters together hence to get brilliant performance on harmonic mitigation 17. Combine passive filters and active filters can significantly reduce costs and improve the compensation characteristics in the power system. Also, various types of hybrid systems of passive and active filters can get better performance than only passive or active filters.Like the reference 18 and 20, small rating active power filter and passive filter connected in serial or shunt type. Smaller filter inductor, smaller dimension, light weight and better filter performance hybrid system take advantages of both passive and active filters 18. However, as the basement of the hybrid power filters are always active power filters, the initial costs and control complexity is still big disadvantages of hybrid systems.3.4 Phase multiplicationThe purpose of phase multiplication is to increase the pulse number of the converter and hence to increase the harmonic order and frequency 4. The low frequency harmonics can be mitigated effectively and phase multiplication technique does not cause serious resonance and other bad effects on power system performances 13. The practical application of phase multiplication technique, the multipulse converters, have the ability to draw low distortion current from power source and generate DC current with low level ripple 32.Typically, 6-pulse converter has the lowest harmonic order of 5 1. When rising pulse number to 12, the lowest harmonic order can increase to 11. As value of harmonic current are ideally proportional to fundamental current value 4, the amount distortion of the power system can de reduce to a low level. Also, the multipulse thyristor converters can output various value current by controlling the thyristor fairing angle () 32.The drawbacks of phase multiplication technique are mostly the contradiction between the cost and output charac teristic. If controlled output is required, the multipulse converter should pay at least 12 switching devices and that can be a big amount of costs. On the other hand, multipulse converter only use diodes may operate on low efficiency 11.3.5 PWMPWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is a modern control technique for power electronic systems. PWM converters have much better performance compared to traditional converters like diode rectifiers and square-wave control inverters 4. Like the phase multiplication technique, PWM control can raise the frequency of harmonic contents of current so as to reduce the effect caused by harmonics. Also, converters using PWM control can have high efficiency and small size. With all these advantages, PWM control absorbed great concern in modern power conversion systems.However, the topology complexity and difficult on designing controllers 19 makes the use of PWM is limited.3.6 Power factor correction converterPower factor correction (PFC) converter is a typic al active power factor correction method. As a mature technique for power factor correction, PFC converters have been widely used in power electronic systems to achieve high power factor (PF) and low harmonic distortion 33. PFC convener forces the input current follow the input voltage, which makes the input current drawn from power supply nearly in a unity power factor 34. The Boost-type PFC converters are the most used topology which have many advantages, such as low level ripple in the input current, high power factor, small size and simple circuit structure 35. A typical circuit diagram of Boost-type PFC converter is as shown below from reference 36.Figure 3.5 Typical circuit diagram of Boost-type PFC converter 36.As we seen in the diagram before, conventional PFC converter consists two main stages 33 37Power factor correction stage.This stage is combined with a diode rectifier and a DC/DC converter and used to correct power factor of the input current drawn from the power syst em. The most used type of chopper is Boost chopper. Also, the new Buck and Cuk type PFC converters are increasingly being used now. The switching working principle can be divided into two types, DCM and CCM.2. DC/DC converterThe chopper here is used to convert the power output voltage and current match the users demand. Since choppers only drawn low distortion power from supply, the typical filter on the utilization end is always a passive filter.This is the working principle for conventional PFC converters, the two-stage DCM/CCM Boost-type PFC converter. However, this type of PFC converter has some disadvantages and need to be improved 33-391. Stage numberIndividual control system and switching devices are required for each stage of PFC converter, hence increasing the costs of the whole system and cause some other problems, such as power density, transmission efficiency and control response 38. Also, the design of control system can be a challenge.A new one-stage PFC converter topo logy has been introduced to power factor correction research area. The circuit diagram is as shown in figure 3.6 36. The combination of the power factor correction converter and the forward converter may bring many advantages point as below 361. High power factor correction performance2. Reduced value of ripple in the DC output3. Low initial cost and running cost4. High efficiency and easy control systemAnd so on.Figure 3.6 Circuit diagram of single stage PFC converter 36.2. convertor typeLike shown in figure 3.6, Buck converter is increasingly being used in PFC converters. Also, Cuk converter and other type of choppers are becoming good choice for PFC converters 36-39. The Buck type PFC converter was rarely used since its high input current distortion. However, with the characteristic improving of the Buck type PFC converter, it can reach good performance with specific dual mode duty cycle control scheme 36. The main advantage of Buck type PFC converter is easy to reduce the stage number to one stage.3. Devices and control strategyOne of the most important aims in the design of power electronic systems is the reduction of the size of the passive devices, since it allows increase on the power density and the reduction in the initial and running cost. As inductor and capacitor are still using in the PFC converter, the reduction of them can be very important 33 37.However, the improvement of devices must base on the developing of the control strategy 37. With a good detect and control system, the size of the inductor and capacitor can be reduced while the harmonic content can still meet the requirement 33.The further analysis and improvement of PFC converter based on this literature review will be an important work in the last stage of project.4. ConclusionThis literature review provides a critical study on power factor issues and power factor correction techniques. A theoretical review of power factor definitions and harmonic generation by power electronic sys tems are presented at the beginning of the paper. The performance of five basic types of harmonic mitigation techniques has been discussed with the support of many previous research publication and their results. The PFC converter is chosen as the promising system for power factor correction after the analysis and comparison. The simulation model establishment and simulation comparison of power factor correction techniques will be important works for the next period of the project. Also, design rules and guidance of PFC converters will be designed in the next period, too.

Why Social Exclusion Can Effect The Community Social Work Essay

Why Social Exclusion Can Effect The Community Social defecate Essayis shew will discuss why br otherly animadversion and anti-oppressive cause be so closely linked. It will discuss how complaisant exclusion can impinge on an soul and friendship, victorious out their right to choices afforded to others in partnership. It will demonstrate how through anti-oppressive practices, processes such as decision making and managing risk can be do in an ethical manner to inspection and repair gain ground independence and clothe a redevelopment of process user enabling them to prune in coalition with the supporter stomachr.It will excessively discuss, how a managerial style of accessible realise threatens to re run into the decision making process from loving workers in monastic order to maximise efficiency, meet targets and minimise risk. With growing media c everywhereage calling for social work decision to be to a greater extent transp arnt, increasing pieces of edict, policies and procedures are taking away the decision making skills and professional judgement from the role.From the very beginning, the role of a social worker has been to help those marginalised and discriminated against by main stream society. The Poor Laws of 1536 sawing machine for the first time, money being collected from local nation and redistributed to those deemed worthy of support (Horner, 2009). These humble beginnings are in stark contrast to the obscure role of social work today. Banks (2006) discusses the role and the attitude towards social work as ever changing, one which is impacted by the opinions of main stream society and the political agenda, era and environment within which it works.The underpinning values of social work birth remained largely un transferd throughout its history and can be identify in the modern role today respect, confidentiality, acceptance of individualism, being non-judge mental and a belief in the energy to change, as descr ibed by Parrott (2011). These values eat defined the role of a social worker as being one that promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and hammock of people to enhance well-being. (International Federation of Social Work, 2011).Values and ethics are a strong theme which dominates all nerves of social work. Values are ideals or beliefs which are important to an individual or organisation and can be viewed as being either positive or negative. Ethics are ship canal in which a person or organisation be stick outs in relation to their values, again either positively or negatively. Values define what is right and victimize whereas ethics is the act of doing right or wrong. (Banks, 2006).The General Social Care Council (General Social Care Council, 2002) has developed a code of practice which social workers essential adhere to, these include promoting independence, to protect individuals from harm, respecting the rights of a service user to hire their own choices and be account subject for their own reachs. The aim of these codes of practice is to provide a unified value base which will allow social workers to act ethically within their role. The codes of practise as set out by the GSCC provide a tangible set of values for the social work profession and by following these values should result in ethical practice. Social Work is non unaccompanied governed by its codes of practice and their values but also by administration legislation.Dalrymple and Burke (2006) and Banks (2006) discuss how the vast amount of social like legislation can be seen to both help and hinder the role of a social worker. Targets and guidelines were introduced into the work spatial relation with each new piece of legislation, turning the counseling from how an individual is treated to the end result how quickly they arrived at this point and what resource have been used to achieve it. The ethical question here is how the legislation is use d often as a means to safeify an action rather than to assist it and the legislation should be used to confirm what powers a social worker holds not when they should enact them. When placing a child into local authority care, the decision of re mournful the child lies with the social worker, the legislation merely gives them the power to do so.To most extent, Banks (2006) argues that the process of ethical decision making has been removed from the role of social work in order for them to meet targets as can be seen in the role of assessments of service users indigences. Assessments increasingly use the system of tick boxes forms to assess the drive for services those not meeting the threshold are denied the sought after(prenominal) service. Lack of resources and pressing targets may mean the course of action countern may not incessantly be the most ethical.According to Parrott (2006), one primer for this shift towards a more business style approach to social work is down to the increasing media coverage when things go wrong, calling for the social work profession to be more accountable in the eyes of the general public. Banks (2006) supports this argument citing Franklins (1989, cited in Banks, 2006) view that social workers are often vilified for acting excessively hastily or not acting soon enough. High profile cases such as Baby P and Victoria Climbie (Parrott 2006) have called for the social work profession to be more accountable for their actions, introducing set policies and guidelines into the workplace, negating the need for individual social workers to make their own decisions.Dalrymple and Burke (2006) suggest another reason for the move towards a more managerialist style of social work in the decreasing monetary resources acquirable to the sector. Most of the financial resources are spent providing an adequate service across the board or on high risk areas such as child protection.Birmingham City Council faced High Court action in 2011 ( BBC, 2011) when it attempted to cut its provision of social care for disabled adults. In the increasing difficult financial economy, there are 122 councils in the UK which now only provide care for those with substantial or critical care needs. (BBC, 2011).Wilson et al. (2008) describes this move towards a more managerial style of social work as not being all inherently bad, the intention being to standardise the decisions making process in the hopes of lessen risk for all across the board, however the decisions being make in some cases are not the best they could be the best outcome in a few cases has been overlooked for a steady-going outcome in the majority of cases.In 1997, the UK underwent a change in government from the long reigning Conservative Party to New Labour (Labour Party, 2011) and with it the cornerstone of the term social exclusion.The batch of social exclusion have been recognisable since before the social work role existed, however this new phrase encompassed n ot only the issues people faced, but how it affected them. Betts and Gaynor (Department of International Development, 2005) describes social exclusion as a process which systematically disadvantages certain groups within society and by doing so does not permit them the same opportunities and rights given to their peers. This can be done on the basis of age, gender, aftermath, religion, sexual orientation, health, physical/mental and emotional readiness or even the area in which they live. By not affording these groups of people the same opportunities as others, this impacts on pedagogy and employment prospects resulting in low education, suffering employment opportunities and substandard housing.It is often found that people living in poorer housing estates, compared to those in better off areas, have basic trains of education resulting in high levels of unemployment, poorer employment prospects and more health issues due to poor housing. This often results in the resources g etable being of poorer quality. According to Oxaal (1997) school attendance is often disdain in economically deprived areas as it is seen as having little or no value, believing that the individual will be faced with a manners on benefits despite their academic achievements. Schools in these areas are more likely to be less well funded and able to provide the same opportunities as other schools, often con subject mattering on the basics such as reading and writing and less on personal development. (Giddens, 2009).Giddens (2009) describes how social exclusion is not eternally imposed by society but sometimes by the individual themselves turning down employment or not continuing in education are choices made by the individual and the consequences of which may lead to or maintain the state of social exclusion.One of the main impacts of social exclusion is poverty. Llewellyn, Agu and Mercer (2008) describes how social workers are more likely to work with people from an impoverished background than any other citing that children living in poverty are 700 times more likely to be the subject of local authority care. Giddens (2009) agrees with this arguing that children of poorer families are far more likely to become poor adults, perpetuating the cycle and increasing the need for intervention at some point during their lives. Despite it being perceived as the biggest driving factor, Ward (2009) argues that social exclusion is about more than just a drop of income. Both Giddens (2009) and Ward (2009) agree that those facing poverty are often children, the elderly, women and ethnic minorities but Ward goes on to describe that it is the solicitation of factors such as these that keep people in social exclusion. A young unemployed white man is more likely to improve their circumstances than an elderly Asian lady living on a pension.It is this multi-dimensional nature of social exclusion that makes it difficult to tackle. A social worker needs to attend whether the exclusion a person faces is imposed by society or the individual themselves as well as the nature of the exclusion and be able to identify the aspects which contribute to the exclusion faced by the individual. It is this accord which will ultimately lead to an effective course of action to help empower people and enable them to improve their standard of life.One of the roles of social work is to fight social prejudice. Social exclusion on the basis of such qualities as age, race and gender are often tackled on an organisational level by legislation, acts such as the Race Relations Act 2000 and the Disability and Equality Act 2010 (The case Archive, (2000) and Directgov (2010)) prohibit discrimination against certain groups of people. Other pieces of legislation, such as the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 encourage a change in behaviour to redistribute the power balance between a service provider and its user. This act made it a legislative duty for topical anaesthetic Authorities to consult service users when planning and delivering services (The National Archive, 2000). It is this change in delivery and implementation of service provision that has led to the introduction of anti-oppressive practice in social work.Parrott (2011) discusses two distinct aspects of anti-oppressive practice firstly on the basis that it should work against oppression and secondly that social work practice should anticipate to empower service users, seek to work in partnership with them with a minimal level of intervention. Wilson et al. (2008) and Dalrymple and Burke (2006) agree with the view of Parrott (2011) on anti-oppressive practice beholding it as a view to achieve social justice for service users. Anti-oppressive practice as a behaviour should, as outlined above, seek to promote three things, empowerment, partnership and minimal intervention.Empowerment, as described by Parrott (2006), can only be done when the social worker sympathises the cont ext of the viewpoint of the service user within their daub. Although the facts and information obtained during this process can be verified, they should be taken as a clarification of how the service user sees themselves and should not be changed or corrected. community from the travelling community do not place a high importance on children attending school once they have gained a basic education, spirit how and why they hold this viewpoint will enable a social work to gain a better understanding of the values and priorities of the traveling community on educational matters.Control should be given to the service user to allow them to define their own situation, allowing them to do so without judgement and correction can empower them to take ownership of their situation. This control can enable a service user to take power over their situation, providing them with the confidence and self-belief that they are able to learn new skills and develop existing ones to improve their circ umstances. (Parrott (2006), Clifford and Burke (2009)) running(a) in partnership with service users is an important aspect of anti-oppressive practice. Any course of action taken by a social worker should be done with the consent of the service user. Parrott (2006) explains that this may not always be possible some decisions such as removing children from the family home or admitting someone into hospital following a breakdown are choices outside the service user control however some choices, like where the child is placed, may still be subject to discussion.The act of listening to and taking into consideration the wishes and thoughts of a service user in such situations can also be seen as working in partnership. The nature of the partnership should include qualities such as listening to others point of view, providing information to all parties and being honest. These qualities will enable the partnership to remain even in the event that a decision is made the service user does no t agree with.An opportune time for partnership to be developed is during the assessment, planning, intervention and review (APIR) cycle. The assessment of the situation faced by the service user should always be done in collaboration with them, checking their requirements for assistance and understanding of the circumstances. During the assessment process, particular focus should be given to set off the strengths of the service user, reinforcing the first stage of empowerment. Areas of development should also be identified and agreed upon.When deciding upon a plan, it is more likely to be effective if it is done with the consent of the service user and where possible, utilises their strengths. Planning can be a difficult step in the APIR process, balancing the needs of the service user with the resources available may not always be possible. It may also be that the wishes of the service user are in conflict with what they need, an elderly person may wish to remain in their own home but the level of care required may not make it financially feasible.The coalition government in power in the UK today has put forward the ideal of a Big Society (The Cabinet Office, 2010) the idea being that families and communities work together to meet their own needs, taking back the power and the responsibility for improving their own situations. It is hoped that if a community takes responsibility for improving the area for its local residence, its more likely that everyone will become involved and work for the benefit of all without reliance on central government.Any intervention should be reviewed on a regular basis and should take into account the feedback by all involved parties. The discussion should include what has been successful and what is still left to be achieved. If more action is required, the APIR cycle can start again to deal with the remaining issues. Not all remaining issues may be negative, it may be appropriate to deal with more positive aspects such as e nrolling on course to aid self-improvement this will give the service user more confidence and empower them further making it more likely that the positive outcome agreed upon is more likely to be successful.The third aspect of anti-oppressive practice is minimal intervention. Parrott (2006) has riptide this into three levels of intervention firstly at a primary level. This level of intervention should provide minimal support and usually takes the form of education and support, preventing the need for further assistance. Schemes such as Sure Start run by the government supports pregnant mothers until the child reaches school age and is designed to provide help and support to those from poorer backgrounds with the aim of tackling issues before they arise, (Directgov, 2011). The second level of intervention is done thorough early intervention with the intention of involvement being brief. The third level of intervention is usually enacted when something has gone wrong. According to a nti-oppressive practice, the purpose of the intervention should be to reduce the consequences of the event. Taking away the risk of the incident reoccurring without changing the situation would be the ultimate goal, it is accepted that this may not always be possible. (Parrott 2006).Wilsons et al. (2008) view on anti-oppressive practice is largely the same as Parrott (2006) in that she sees the introduction of demand payments and individual budgets for service user a positive thing. Wilson et al. (2008) also describe the service user as having self-determination in that they are an entity able to make their own choices and decisions and should be encourage to do so. Wilson et al. (2008) also discussed the over use of advocacy with social workers often assuming the service user requires someone to call on their behalf. If a social worker is to truly empower the service user then they must acknowledge their right to make their own decisions. down the stairs government legislation, the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (The National Archives 2005) which came into force in 2007 gives every adult the capacity to make their own decisions unless it is proved they are unable to do so. The act also protects unwise decisions, where a professional may not make the same decision in a given situation it does not mean the service user lacks capacity to make it, protecting their right to make their own choices. When a service user is deemed incapable(p) of making their own choices, an advocate may be appointed to assist with the process. In instances where an unwise decision is made, a social worker should weight up the right of the service user to make the choice and the risk involved in doing so. If the risk involved in making the decision puts the individual or the community at risk, then further consultation should be taken to discuss the point further. Although a social worker should not force a service user to change their opinion on a matter, they should provide a balanced view of the situation and highlight the possible effects and consequences of the choices available in the hopes that a more positive decision will be made.Mental capacity to make a decision is not a drape issue someone may have the capacity to make some decisions and not others. Elderly people with illnesses such as dementia may lack the capacity to make decisions one day but able to do so the next.Advocacy is most often thought of as acting on behalf of someone who is unable to do so for themselves, however acting as an advocate can also mean empowering someone by giving them the information, ability and opportunity to make their own decisions, (Parrott 2006). The Big Society is an example of collective self-advocacy in which a group a people with similar interests are encouraged get together to form one unified voice. Encouraging the formation of such groups often lessens the feeling of isolation in people facing social exclusion. Collectively it also gives them a stronger voice and the ability to request change to services and resources which have historically been withheld or are inaccessible on an individual level.Decision making in social work comes with the element of risk management. As discussed previously, it is good practice to for service users to make their own informed decisions provided they understand the consequences of their choice as well as having the capacity to do so. Hothersall and Maas-Lowit (2010) describe how the term risk was historically used to describe the likelihood of something happening, with neither a positive or negative connotation. In modern society, risk is viewed as the likelihood of a negative outcome occurring, the term chance is used when something is deemed to have a more positive outcome, however both words mean the same thing the likelihood of an event occurring.Much like Parrott (2006) and Banks (2006), Hothersall and Maas-Lowit (2010) have observe a change in the way social workers perform in relation to risk, describing the profession as becoming risk adverse. The policies and procedures put in place for social worker to work within have minimised risk to such an extent that the option of choice has been greatly reduced.When carrying out assessments, Hothersall and Maas-Lowit (2010) highlight how reports and case notes focus on the risk of a situation rather than the needs of the service user, taking away the understanding of what has caused the situation to focusing instead on who is to goddamn and minimising the risk of it reoccurring. Cases with a higher level of risk to either the individual or the community are often afforded more resources than those with lower risk levels.Hothersall and Maas-Lowit (2010) also view risk positively in that the outcome could be beneficial to a service user. By understanding the risk, what other options are available and taking steps to minimise any negative effects, the outcome of the risk taking may be highly beneficial to the individual. This is o ften the case when people with mental illnesses return to live in the community from hospital care. Whilst taking medication, the service user may pose a very minimal risk to the community however the perceived risk may be much bigger. Provided steps have been taken to acknowledge and minimise the risk and plans have been agreed in the event of a crisis situation, then the right of the service user to reside in the community should outweigh the requirement to keep them in institutional care. adventure is a factor which can be minimised but not eradicated the nature of social work is surrounded by risk on a day-to-day basis. Even by following policies, codes of conducts and planning for all perceived eventualities, the outcome may still be an unwanted one. Hothersall and Maas-Lowith (2010) perceive this to be inevitable in the field of social work and it is learning from these cases that will improve professional judgement.My first placement as a social work student was with a homel ess charity working with young adults. The impact of social exclusion was evident in every aspect of the job. Many of the young people who visited the centre had a poor level of education, often had a criminal record, had spent time in care, were unemployed and many had learning difficulties. Although I had academic understanding of social exclusion, the reality was far different from what I had expected.One of the service users I was asked to work with was a young woman who had spent a larger proportion of her childhood in care. She had recently suffered a mental breakdown and lost custody of her young child to its father. Living in poverty, being a single mother and suffering with mental illness are all forms of social exclusion. I was asked to assist the service user with organising medical appointments and attending meetings. Working together, we made good progress in a relatively compendious time. On reflection, the work carried out was not done in terms of anti-oppressive pra ctice. to a greater extent emphasis should have been placed on allowing and encouraging the service user to act for themselves rather than having things done for them. Although this can be effective in the short term, in the long run it could form a sense of dependency for the service user.The risk of the choices made by the service user should have been taken into consideration, and had it done so, it would have lessened the level of intervention. The child had been placed out of harm and the extent of the mental illness did not put the service user or the community at any immediate risk. Rather than daily support, it would have been more appropriate to invite the service user to discuss the situation they faced, the options available to them and the consequences of the choices available to them.Anti-oppressive practice is about empowering people, promoting their right to make choices and working in partnership to reach an agreed outcome with the aim of improving their situation. P eople who are subject to the constraints of social exclusion are often denied these rights. Social workers are required by their code of practice to help service users take control over their own lives, promote independence and recognise that service user have a right to take risks. The nature of social exclusion makes it more likely that these individuals will, at some point in their lives, require intervention in the form of social care. By working with anti-oppressive practices, the effects of social worker intervention should leave a positive effect upon the service user.In an ideal world their financial restraints would not affect the choices available to a service user, time and resources would be available to plan, consider and minimise risky situations making a wider range of services available. In the ever restricting financial climate, social worker are not afforded the luxury of such budgets and so must look at ways in which service user are still empowered and given as m uch choice as possible in how their situation is dealt with. As a profession, social workers should be moving more towards a risk-taking approach and away from risk aversion.Service users who live with social exclusion deserve to be given the tools and opportunity to improve their own situation it is with tools such as anti-oppressive practice and a strong set of values and ethics that social workers can empower them to fight the social injustice they face.

Strategies for an Inclusive Classroom Setting

Strategies for an Inclusive Classroom SettingRobyn ClarkContentsIntroductionExplanation of key termsLiterature StudyGender Roles heathen and racial IdentityExample of cChecklistWritten Report on findingsFindingsSchool ASchool BSuggestionsResourcesIntroductionExplanation of key termsAnti-bias Oxford vocabulary gives the definition of bias as the inclination or prejudice for or against one person or group, especi exclusivelyy in a right smart considered to be un jolly. Thus, anti-bias is an approach implemented to find that bias does not occur in any context in the classroom environment. In an anti-bias classroom, children learn to be proud of themselves and of their families, to respect merciful differences, to recognize bias, and to speak up for what is right (Derman-Sparks Edwards, 2010 5)Identification According to Gestwicki (2014261) identification is the offset of imitating or adopting topics of admired individuals. novelty Diversity refers to a clip of different things . In the context of this paper, it refers to differences in the following aspects cultures, learners, learners backgrounds, dictions and ability groups.Multi-ethnical Multi-cultural education is an adaptive process that incorporates command the idea that all learners have equal opportunities in school, regardless of their sexual practice, sexual orientation, social class, and ethnic, racial or cultural characteristics (Banks, 2013 1)Gender Identity Aw beness of sexual practice in biological terms that an individual is either male or femalePrejudice Prejudice is defined as a judgement or opinion, against or in favour of a person or thing formed beforehand or without due examination of the facts (Lemmer, Meier vanguard Wyk, 2012 31).Stereotypes According to Oxford Dictionary, a class is defined as a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. A stereotype is when one creates mental cages in order to sharpen people items or ev ents into conceptually specified groups (Lemmer, Meier van Wyk, 2012)Culture Culture is a multi-faceted concept, compose of many interrelated aspects, all of which have an influence on the teaching and cultivation process. According to Coetzee, van Niekerk Wydeman (2008) cultures atomic number 18 processes of social and human interactions embrace a body of knowledge dynamic, creative and continuous processes continuously modified over time and every culture has its own system of values, beliefs, norms and attitudes.Race Race refers to a group of people who are grouped together or classified according to a common physical characteristic, such as the colour of their skin.Racial / Cultural Identity Understanding of ones racial or ethnic understanding (Gestwicki, 2014 262)Literature StudyAn anti-bias approach to education aims at develop a sense of self-awareness in each individual, fostering a sense of appreciation, tolerance and understanding for the differences between childr en and cultures, and highlighting the similarities between them. Instilling an anti-bias approach is particularly important in azoic Childhood Development. There are four core goals of anti-bias education, namely children demonstrate self-awareness, confidence, family pride, and positive social identities each child expresses babys dummy and joy with human diversity and is able to use accurate language to describe human differences as well as form deep human connections children increasingly recognize unfairness and are able to describe unfairness, understanding that unfairness hurts and children will demonstrate empowerment and the skills to act, with others or alone, against prejudice and/or antiblack actions (Derman-Sparks Edwards, 2010). Anti-bias includes bias relating to gender, race, culture, religion, disability, age and language. This approach aims at incorporating different cultures fully into the environment in an inclusive, integrated and on-going process, avoiding superficial representations, isolated and trivial representations., and patronizing events (Gordon Browne, 2014259). Children as four-year-old as two years old begin to notice differences in race and gender, as well as form categories and classifications most the world, and people, around them (Gordon Browne, 2014 258). During their early years, children begin to develop socially and emotionally. Identification, the process in which a child imitates an admired individual in their environment, takes place during these fictile years, and is a key flavour in a childs development, particularly pertaining to personality and social development. According to Gestwicki (2014 261) the identification process is related to issues of getting gender or sex-role identities, acquiring cultural or racial identities as well as developing a sense of self-confidence and personal competence. For optimal knowledge, children derive meaning from what is organism taught by connecting the new know ledge with what they already know. Thus it is crucial that each childs own cultural or family reference is reflected in their learning environment. A childs experiences are embedded in the social exchange within their own cultural groups and their frame of reference, which reflects the shared meanings and experiences of those groups (Meier Marais, 2012130)Gender RolesDuring their Early Childhood years, children begin to form their gender identities. A gender identity is composed of two different aspects an awareness of sexual identity, such as whether they are male or female biologically, and an awareness of sex-role behaviour. Sex-role behaviour, often determined by the culture, is the different roles and behaviours of the two genders. A child seeks to understand what being male or female means, and learns about the different roles through observation and asking questions. Before the age of four, children often engage in gender neutral games, wherein boys and girls play together c omfortably. Thereafter, children tend toward gender-specific forms of play, and choose to play with children of the same sex (Gestwicki, 2014261). Children learn about their gender roles through observation and imitation of those in their immediate environment. Thus parents and teachers, and the way in which they encourage gender roles and model specific gender characteristics and behaviour overly have a profound influence on the childs gender role perceptions. Their perceptions of gender role are also influenced by the media, and stereotyping in their immediate surroundings and society. In order to steer clear of gender stereotyping in the classroom, teachers need to be mindful of their words and actions in the class that could be perpetuating gender stereotypes (Gordon Browne, 2014124). In a predominantly female environment, such as early childhood education programmes, one needs to aware of the behaviour they model, and ensure that the environment, materials, examples used, as well as expected behaviour are fair and non-bias, and cater to boys too. Although there are developmental differences between the genders, in the rate of maturity, as well as the rate of physical growth, there are no significant differences between girls and boys intelligence and reasoning behaviour (Gordon Browne, 2014 124). Consequently, teachers should not hold unequal expectations for the genders, as this inhibits the childs ability to reach their full likely (Meier Marais, 2012 139).In order to avoid gender based bias, teachers need to be actively involved in self-reflection and be engaged in a aeonian state of awareness of their expectations and the behaviour they are emulating, and the effect these expectations and behaviours have on a childs growth and development. During a childs formative years, the child is in the process of forming a healthy gender identity, and the teacher is actively involved in aiding in this development. According to Gestwicki (2014274) teachers facilitate this development when they retort childs questions about their bodies and themselves in a factual manner. Teachers also offer experiences and scenarios that challenge stereotypes of gender behaviour as well as engineer the childrens environments to encourage cross-gender play. Teachers should also be mindful of language and images in books, and teaching materials, to ensure diversity in work and home life is portrayed. It is also essential that teachers work closely with learners families, and are aware of the possible cultural influences that could influence a parents views on non-traditional gender roles. It is important to note exonerated communication to avoid tension, and to better understand and be respectful of the child as well as their family and background. One also needs to be actively challenging childs stereotypical words or actions, and teachers RC1intervene with immediate and follow-up activities to counter the cumulative, hurtful effects of these messa ges (Derman-Sparks Edwards, 2010).A healthy gender identity is very important to a childs development, and it is during their formative years that this identify is formed and moulded. It is the teachers ethical responsibility to pop the question an environment and classroom-culture that is free from bias and stereotypes. The teacher should be actively trying to eliminate bias, and to intervene when children use actions or comments that are stereotypes or bias. It is important that a teacher remain mindful of their own perceptions of gender roles and actively model behaviour and language that is free from bias and stereotypes.Cultural and Racial IdentityCreating an anti-bias environment that conveys a genuine respect for all diversity fosters positive attitudes towards cultural and racial identities. It is crucial that the core aims of an anti-bias approach (Derman-Sparks Edwards, 2010) are achieved, and the structures and processes are in place to effectively achieve these aims. South Africa is a multi-faceted and diverse country, with multiple different cultures and races. Diversity however not only constitutes groups such as ethnic, race, language and apparitional groups (Lemmer, Meier van Wyk, 2012 19) but also the range of personal differences between the individuals within the different ethnic groupings. In the classroom setting, each teacher and child is a unique individual, with unique and distinct set of beliefs, values and attitudes to form a complex and unique classroom culture (du Plessis, Conley du Plessis, 2007). Culture is a complex human phenomenon, and in the multi-cultural education perspective, culture can be viewed as a composite of significant and interrelated aspects, all of which have specific significance for the teaching-learning process (Coeetzee, van Niekerk Wydeman, 2008117).Unfortunately there are learners that enter the class with preconceived prejudices that they have picked up from their home environment or immediate surro undings. According to the SAHRC invoice of racism in schools, lRC2earners approach schools with the prejudice imbued in their home environments and it is necessary to transform the minds of learners. It is not only parents attitudes that instil a sense of prejudice in young childrens lives other sources include school, classmates, siblings and the media (Lemmer, Weier van Wyk, 201232). As some children are entering the classroom with prejudices, it is essential that the teacher is proactive and actively deals with those prejudices and stereotypes as and when they arise. It is important that the teacher acknowledges and respects the different cultures in their class, and ensures that this respect is incorporated in all aspects of the daily programme. It is the teachers responsibility to ensure that the all interactions, materials and experiences convey respect for all people. It is important to bear in mind that education is a powerful agent of cultural transmission and preservatio n (Coeetzee, van Niekerk Wydeman, 2008118). According to Gestwicki (2014 277) teachers must be aware of what is included or excluded in the classroom environment, as this is a clear reflection of what is valued by the educational institution and teachers. A lack of respect for the varying cultures in the class, or a serious cultural alienation could lead to cultural isolation, cultural erosion, learning problems, behaviour problems, conflict and communication problems (du Plessis, Conley du Plessis, 2007152).Young children are aware of cultural and racial differences, and their perceptions of these differences and different cultures are developed and moulded during their pre-school years. According to Gestwicki (2014 262) children, by the age of four, are aware of their racial or cultural identity and have absorbed attitudes, negative and positive, towards their own and others identities. Thus it is crucial that young children are taught to respect one anothers differences, enjoy and cherish human diversity, as well as use accurate and non-bias or stereotypical language for human differences (Derman-Sparks Edwards, 2010). Although differences between individuals and cultures are discussed, the similarities between them are also emphasised and celebrated. Children learn to identify with one another through their similarities and to respect their differences. Teachers should create a classroom environment that will allow optimal learning in a climate of safety, care and acceptance (Coeetzee, van Niekerk Wydeman, 2008119). Children feel accepted in a classroom community when they see themselves, their families and their cultural background reflected in every aspect of their school day. All children and families have a sense of belong and experience affirmation of their identities and cultural ways of being (Derman- Sparks, 2010)To ensure anti-bias in their classrooms, and to make sure that their class and curriculum reflects the plurality of their contemporar y society, teachers must ensure that all pictures and books realistically portray the diversity in the class, and give a realistic and well-rounded view of different cultures, avoiding stereotypes and over simplification (Gestwicki, 2014276). They should endeavour to extend toys, materials and activities throughout the class that children can identify with, that represent their various families as well as the major groups in the community and nation (Gestwicki,2014278). Content about different ethnic groups should to fully integrated into the curriculum, and should occur regularly and naturally, not as an appendage to the curriculum. Different cultures should be discussed in depth and holistically, and teachers should maintain open and constant communication with parents and families to ensure that they too fully understand the childrens backgrounds in their class. Parents should be fully involved, and invited to school regularly to share songs, stories or traditions of their cultu ral and language background (Gestwicki, 2014278).LanguageReligionDisablityLanguageExample of checklistFacility _________________________________________Address ________________________________________Manager ________________________________________Telephone Number _______________________________SECTION ASECTION BInterview questionsInterviewee ______________________________Interviewer ____________________Position _________________________________Time _________________________How does your selection process work?What process do you use to divide your classes?Collectively, do your staff speak / understand a range of South African languages?What is your schools language form _or_ system of government?How do you ensure each childs unique family is reflected in the classroom?Do you consider your facility open and non-bias towards all families? Including gay-lesbian families, single parents, cross-cultural families and adoptive families?How does your curriculum reflect the diverse nature of our society?How do you communicate with the learners families?What is your policy regarding learners with physical disabilities?How do you deal with different religious holidays?Do you do Bible stories in your Morning Ring?Are the meals you prepare catered to all religions / cultures?Do you cater for gender differences in your educational activities and art activities?How do you deal with bias, racism or stereotypes in the classroom or on the playground?Do you consider your facility to be anti-bias?ParticipantsName ________________________Signature_________________Date __________Name ________________________Signature_________________Date __________Name ________________________Signature_________________Date __________Written Report on findingsSchool ASchool BSuggestionsResourcesBanks, J. A. 2013. An Introduction to multicultural Education. fifth Edition. Pearson New JerseyCoetzee SA, new wave Niekerk EJ Wydeman JL. 2008. An Educators Guide to Effective Classroom Management. com mencement exercise Edition. Van Shaik capital of South AfricaDeiner, P. L. 2010. Inclusive Early Childhood Education Development, Resources Practice. 5th Edition. Wadsworth Cengage LearningDerman-Sparks, L Edwards, J. 2010. Anti-Bias Education for Young Children and Ourselves. National Association for the Education of Young Children. Washington, DC.Du Plessis, P Conley, L du Plessis E. 2007. Teaching and Learning in South African Schools. First Edition. Van Shaik PretoriaGestwicki, C. Developmentally Appropriate Practice Curriculum and Development in Early Education. 5th Edition, International Edition. Wadsworth Cengage LearningGordon, AM and Browne, KW. 2014. Beginnings and Beyond. Foundations in Early Childhood Education. 9th Edition. Boston Ally BaconLemmer, E. M Meier, C van Wyk, J.N. 2012. Multicultural Education A manual for the South African teacher. Second Edition. Van Shaik PretoriaMeier C Marais P. 2012. Educational Management in Early Childhood Development. Second Edition. Van Shaik PretoriaMittler, P. 2000. Working Towards Inclusive Education Social Contexts. First Edition. David Fulton Publishers 2000Recchia, S.L Lee, Y. 2013. Inclusion in the Early Childhood Classroom What Makes a Difference? First Edition. Teachers College Press New YorkVally, S Dalamba, Y. 1999. Racism, racial integration and desegregation in South African public secondary schools. A report on the study by South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC). Johannesburg SAHRCDepartment of Education (2011). Curriculum and Assessment Policy StatementGrades R-3 English Home Language. Pretoria Department of Basic EducationDepartment of Education, National Protocol for Assessment, Gr R -12 (CAPS). Pretoria Department of Basic EducationRC1RC2?

The Role of Femininity in Shakespeares Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear

The Role of Femininity in Shakespeares Hamlet, Othello, and queen mole rat Lear Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear similarly experience an unhooking (Tompkins) in the eponymous plays. These tragic figures struggle with internal and external femininity after realizing their emotions and labeling them feminine, they identify women as the source of this negative femininity. Their inability to deal with the female sex activity in any form destabilizes their masculinity, causing an unhooking/unlatching within them. The origin of Hamlets psychological decay lies in his anger towards Gertrude and his inability to adjust to her marrying Claudius. From Hamlets perspective, Gertrude giving herself to a recent husband signifies her failure to honor his father and her abandonment of Hamlet he is figuratively orphaned, and he resents his sole living parent. Additionally, Hamlets emotional confidence has been significantly alter seeing his mother with another man substantiates the possibility that his future wife could leave him for another man and cause him serious pain. This realization compels Hamlet to block out his feelings for Ophelia with madness, a defense mechanism intended to conceal his vulnerability. Ophelia reports that he appeared with his doublet all unbracd,/No hat upon his head, his stockins fouled,/Ungartred, and down-gyved to his ankle (2.1.75-7), but as Hamlet is well-aware of the dress code, he likely intended for his behavior to be viewed as unacceptable and thus mad. Throughout the play, Hamlet has difficulty reacting to his feelings and the women who cause them. Because he wishes he could act sooner of speculating, Hamlet curses his own femininity Fie upont, foh (2.2.584-7). Secondly, his anger towards Ophelia is like... ...ing his death however, this occurs too late, as Goneril and Regan have left his fate to Edmund, convinced that their father has lost all reason. Similarly, Othellos unhooking is so complete that the only way Desdemona could have survived is if he kills himself first. In contrast, Hamlet could have lived, feeling the grief of Ophelias death, had he not rejected his characteristic inaction, which he believed to be connected with his emotions and thus feminine. Works CitedBradley, A.C. King Lear. 20Lh Century Interpretations of King Lear. Ed. Jane Adelman. New Jersev Prentice-Hall, 1978.Neely, Carol. Women and Men in Othello Critical Essays on Shakespeares Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994.Shakespeare, William. King Lear. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. New York HarperCollins, 1992.

Natural Law Theory Essay -- essays research papers fc

Natural Law TheoryThe innate(p) law theory is a theory that dates back to the time of the Greeksand broad thinkers like Plato and Aristotle. Defined as the law which statesthat human are inborn with certain laws preordained into them which let themdetermine what is right and what is wrong.(Bainton 174) This theory was themadapted by religious philosophers to fit the Christian religion.(Berkhof 114)This, however was not exactly the same as the original. The classical thinkerswere the first to define the natural law. Heraclitus, in the sixth century BC, specify one the components by saying, *for all human laws are nourished by one,the divine.* This meant that a divine power determined a logic and gave to allhumans. (Microsoft Encarta) This comment put this law into direct conflictwith positive laws. Aristotle elaborated on the word natural in relation to law.He said that a natural law was one that had the same validity for every one andsituation.(Berkhof 268) An example of this wou ld be that a man contemplatingmurder would see that it was wrong by his nature. His causal agency would tell himthat to kill another was unnatural, and therefore wrong. Cicero tries todetermine what the actual law encompassed and he came up with the theory ofStoicism. Stoicism is an interpretation of the natural law which states thatevery, private person is a part of the universe that was created and is ruled bya divine power rationally. To live rationally and with virtue, according to...